The termProto-Malay,primeval Malays,proto-Hesperonesians,first-wave Hesperonesians orprimeval Hesperonesians, which translates toMelayu Asli (aboriginal Malay) orMelayu Purba (ancient Malay) orMelayu Tua (old Malay),[5] refers toAustronesian speakers who moved from mainland Asia, to theMalay Peninsula andMalay Archipelago in a long series of migrations between 2500 and 1500 BCE, before that of theDeutero-Malays about a thousand years later.[6] The Proto-Malays have ancestry of the first humans living in Southeast Asia.[7]
The Proto-Malays are believed to have beenseafarers knowledgeable inoceanography who possessed advanced fishing as well as basic agricultural skills. Over the years, they settled in various places and adopted various customs and religions as a result ofacculturation and inter-marriage with most of the people they come in contact with such asOrang Asli tribes such as theSemang andSenoi peoples.
TheEncyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History has pointed out three theories of the origin of the Proto-Malay:[8]
TheYunnan theory,Mekong river migration (first published in 1889). The theory of Proto-Malay originating from Yunnan is supported by R.H Geldern, J.H.C Kern, J.R Foster, J.R Logen, Slametmuljana and Asmah Haji Omar. Other evidence that supports this theory includes: stone tools found at Malay Archipelago which are analogous to Central Asian tools; similarity between Malay andAssam customs; and the fact that the Malay andCambodian languages are kindred languages because the ancestral home of Cambodians originated at the source of Mekong River.
Some historical linguists have concluded that there is scant linguistic basis for a Proto-/Deutero-Malay split.[9] The findings suggests that the Proto-Malay and the Deutero-Malay peoples possibly come from the same origin. Previous theories suggested that the Deutero-Malays came in a second wave of migration, around 300 BCE, compared to the arrival of the Proto-Malays who came much earlier.[10]
BothKoentjaraningrat andAlfred Russel Wallace's (1869) research also concluded that most of theMoluccans came under the Proto-Malay classification with a admixture with Melanesian.[13] However,António Mendes Correia's findings re-classified theTimorese[14] in Alfred Russel Wallace's ethnological chart as predominantly Proto-Malay.[15] This is evidenced by the striking similarity in the architectural designs of traditional houses inLospalos,East Timor with theBatak andToraja people.[16] InSulawesi, not only are theToraja people are regarded as part of the ancient Proto-Malay, but their neighboringMinahasan people as well who have migrated to the island in the megalithic period.[17] InSumatra, a little known pygmy tribe called theMante people ofAceh are regarded as Proto-Malay and are thought to be extinct.[18]
Other ethnic groups that are closely related to the Proto-Malay are such as theNage people fromFlores, which are considered a mixture of Proto-Malay andMelanesian[19][20] and theSakai people fromRiau, which were originally pure Proto-Malay until later they were forced into the interior by the Deutero-Malays which led to their mixing with theNegritos.[21] Off the west coast ofBengkulu,Sumatra Island, the indigenous people ofEnggano Island known as theEnggano people are considered largely Proto-Malays.[22]
A comparison of height with an American (left), a mixed blood ofNative Indonesians and Proto-Malay (middle) and a pureNegrito (right) fromNorthern Luzon, 1869.
In thePhilippines, there are several people groups that have been identified as part of the Proto-Malay group:[26]
^Ernest Théodore Hamy (1896).Les races Malaiques et Americaines. L'Anthropologie.
^Fenneke Sysling (2016).Racial Science and Human Diversity in Colonial Indonesia. NUS Press. p. 143.ISBN978-98-147-2207-0.
^Koentjaraningrat (2007).Villages in Indonesia. Equinox Publishing. p. 129.ISBN978-97-937-8051-1.
^Fenneke Sysling (2016).Racial Science and Human Diversity in Colonial Indonesia. NUS Press. p. 118.ISBN978-98-147-2207-0.
^Ricardo Roque (2010).Headhunting and Colonialism: Anthropology and the Circulation of Human Skulls in the Portuguese Empire, 1870-1930. Springer. p. 175.ISBN978-02-302-5133-5.
^George Junus Aditjondro (1994).East Timor: an Indonesian intellectual speaks out. Australian Council for Overseas Aid. p. 29.ISBN09-098-3161-0.
^Fenneke Sysling (2016).Racial Science and Human Diversity in Colonial Indonesia. NUS Press. p. 119.ISBN978-98-147-2207-0.
^Reginald Ruggles Gates (1948).Human ancestry from a genetical point of view. Harvard Univ. Press. p. 354.
^Parsudi Suparlan (1995).Orang Sakai di Riau: masyarakat terasing dalam masyarakat Indonesia: kajian mengenai perubahan dan kelestarian kebudayaan Sakai dalam proses transformasi mereka ke dalam masyarakat Indonesia melalui Proyek Pemulihan Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Terasing, Departemen Sosial, Republik Indonesia. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. p. 40.ISBN97-946-1215-4.
^Charles Alfred Fisher (1964).South-east Asia: a social, economic, and political geography. Methuen. p. 240.OCLC489670953.
^Jean Michaud, Margaret Byrne Swain & Meenaxi Barkataki-Ruscheweyh (2016).Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 304.ISBN978-14-422-7279-8.
^Geoffrey Benjamin & Cynthia Chou, ed. (2002).Tribal Communities in the Malay World: Historical, Cultural and Social Perspectives. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 22.ISBN98-123-0167-4.
^Bulletin - Institute for Medical Research, Issues 19-20. Institute for Medical Research. 1983. p. 29.
^abIgnacio Villamor & Felipe Buencamino (1921). "Philippines. Census Office".Census of the Philippine Islands Taken Under the Direction of the Philippine Legislature in the Year 1918, Volume 2. Bureau of printing.
^Michael Grosberg; Greg Bloom; Trent Holden; Anna Kaminski; Paul Stiles (2015).Lonely Planet Philippines. Lonely Planet.ISBN978-17-436-0537-0.
^abWilliam Cameron Forbes (1985).The Philippine Islands. Harvard University Press. p. 258.ISBN97-117-0712-8.
^ab"Ligaya Tiamson- Rubin".Kasaysayan at pag-unlad ng Wikang Pambansa ng Pilipinas. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2008. p. 3.ISBN978-97-123-3321-7.
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