Aprotagonist (from Ancient Greek πρωταγωνιστήςprōtagōnistḗs 'one who plays the first part, chief actor')[1][2][3] is the maincharacter of a story. The protagonist makes key decisions that affect theplot, primarily influencing the story and propelling it forward, and is often the character who faces the most significant obstacles and choices. If a story contains asubplot, or is a narrative made up of several stories, then each subplot may have its own protagonist.[4]
The protagonist is the character whose fate is most closely followed by the reader or audience, and who is opposed by theantagonist. The antagonist provides obstacles and complications and creates conflicts that test the protagonist, revealing the strengths and weaknesses of the protagonist's character, and having the protagonist develop as a result. A particularly noble, virtuous, or accomplished protagonist is commonly called ahero, though the terms are not synonyms.
The termprotagonist comes from Ancient Greek πρωταγωνιστής (prōtagōnistḗs) 'actor who plays the chief or first part', combined ofπρῶτος (prôtos, 'first') andἀγωνιστής (agōnistḗs, 'actor, competitor'), which stems fromἀγών (agṓn, 'contest') viaἀγωνίζομαι (agōnízomai, 'I contend for a prize').[5]
The earliest known example of a protagonist can be found in theEpic of Gilgamesh, dated around the 3rd millennium BCE.[6] However, the term originated only later with the dramatic performances ofAncient Greece. At first these involved merely dancing and recitation by the chorus, but then, according toAristotle'sPoetics, a poet namedThespis introduced the idea of one actor stepping out and engaging in a dialogue with the chorus. This was the invention of tragedy, and occurred about 536 B.C.[7] Then the poetAeschylus, in his plays, introduced a second actor, inventing the idea of dialogue between two characters.Sophocles then wrote plays that included a third actor.[8][9][10][11]
A description of the protagonist's origin cited that during the early period of Greek drama, the protagonist served as the author, the director, and the actor and that these roles were only separated and allocated to different individuals later.[12] There is also a claim that the poet did not assign or create the protagonist as well as other terms for actors such asdeuteragonist andtritagonist primarily because he only gave actors their appropriate part.[13] However, these actors were assigned their specific areas at the stage with the protagonist always entering from the middle door or that the dwelling of the deuteragonist (second most important character) should be on the right hand, and the tritagonist (third most important character), the left.[13]
In Ancient Greece, the protagonist is distinguished from the term "hero", which was used to refer to a human who became a semi-divine being in the narrative.[11]
In literary terms, ahero (masculine) or heroine (feminine) protagonist is typically admired for their achievements and noble qualities.[14] Heroes are lauded for their strength, courage, virtuousness, and honor, and are considered to be the "good guys" of the narrative.[15]
Examples include DC Comics'Superman (hero) andKatniss Everdeen fromThe Hunger Games (heroine).
An antihero (sometimes spelled as anti-hero) or antiheroine is a main character in a story who lacks conventional heroic qualities and attributes such as idealism, courage, and morality.
Examples includeHolden Caulfield fromThe Catcher in the Rye,Scarlett O'Hara fromGone With the Wind,Jay Gatsby fromThe Great Gatsby, andWalter White fromBreaking Bad.
A tragic hero is the protagonist of a tragedy.
Examples includeOedipus fromOedipus Rex andPrince Hamlet from Shakespeare'sHamlet.
The protagonist is not always conventionally good.[16] Contrasting the hero protagonist, a villain protagonist is a protagonist who is avillain, driving the story forward regardless of the evil qualities the main character has. These traits can include being cruel, malicious, and wicked.[17]
Examples include Humbert Humbert inVladimir Nabokov'sLolita[18], Richard III in theeponymous play byWilliam Shakespeare,[19] andFrank Underwood inHouse of Cards.
When a supporting protagonist appears, the story is told from the perspective of a character who appears to be minor. This character may be more peripheral from the events of the story and are not as involved within the "main action" of the plot. The supporting protagonist may be telling the story while viewing another character as the main influence of the plot.[20]
One example is Nick inThe Great Gatsby.[citation needed]
Euripides' playHippolytus may be considered to have two protagonists, though one at a time. Phaedra is the protagonist of the first half, who dies partway through the play. Her stepson, the titular Hippolytus, assumes the dominant role in the second half of the play.[21]
InHenrik Ibsen's playThe Master Builder, the protagonist is the architect Halvard Solness. The young woman, Hilda Wangel, whose actions lead to the death of Solness, is the antagonist.[22]
In Shakespeare's playRomeo and Juliet, Romeo is the protagonist. He is actively in pursuit of his relationship with Juliet, and the audience is invested in that story. Tybalt, as an antagonist, opposes Romeo and attempts to thwart the relationship.[23]
In Shakespeare's playHamlet, Prince Hamlet, who seeks revenge for the murder of his father, is the protagonist. The antagonist is the character who most opposes Hamlet, Claudius (though, in many ways, Hamlet is his own antagonist).[24]
Sometimes, a work will have afalse protagonist, who may seem to be the protagonist, but then may disappear unexpectedly. The character Marion inAlfred Hitchcock's filmPsycho (1960) is an example.[25]
A novel may contain a number of narratives, each with its own protagonist.Alexander Solzhenitsyn'sThe First Circle, for example, depicts a variety of characters imprisoned and living in agulag camp.[26]Leo Tolstoy'sWar and Peace depicts fifteen major characters involved in or affected by a war.[27]
Though many people equate protagonists with the term hero and possessing heroic qualities, it is not necessary, as even villainous characters can be protagonists. For exampleMichael Corleone fromThe Godfather (1972–1990) film series (1978–1983).
In some cases, the protagonist is not a human: inRichard Adams' novelWatership Down, a group ofanthropomorphised rabbits, led by the protagonist Hazel, escape their warren after seeing a vision of its destruction, starting a perilous journey to find a new home.[28]
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