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ThePhilippine Propaganda Movement encompassed the activities of a group based in Spain but coming from the Philippines, composed of Indios (indigenous peoples), Mestizos (mixed race), Insulares (Spaniards born in the Philippines, also known as "Filipinos" as that term had a different, less expansive meaning prior to the death of Jose Rizal in Bagumbayan) and Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain) who called for political reforms in the Philippines in the late 19th century, and produced books, leaflets, and newspaper articles to educate others about their goals and issues they were trying to solve. They were active approximately from 1880 to 1898, and especially between 1880 and 1895, before thePhilippine Revolutionary War against Spain began.[1][2]
Prominent members includedJosé Rizal, the Philippine National Hero, author of novelsNoli Me Tángere andEl filibusterismo, and various essays, who was later executed by firing squad by the Spanish colonial authorities;Graciano López Jaena, publisher ofLa Solidaridad, the movement's principal organ;Mariano Ponce, the organization's secretary,[3] andMarcelo H. del Pilar.
The movement received very strong intellectual influence from the European Enlightenment, as evidenced by their specific aims, as follows:
Dr. Domingo Abella, Director of the National Archives between 1967 and 1976, had suggested that the Propaganda Movement was misnamed. He believes that it should have been called theCounterpropaganda Movement because its essential task was to counteract the campaign of misinformation that certain Spanish groups were disseminating in Spain and later in Rome (the Vatican).[7] It was a campaign of information, as well as a bid to build sympathy for political reform.
It is notable in contrast to theKatipunan, or the "K.K.K.", a Filipino revolutionary movement seeking the totalindependence of the Philippines from Spain. The Propaganda Movement instead sought to have the Philippines assimilated as a formalprovince of Spain, rather than being governed as a colony or an ¨overseas province.¨ The Katipunan revolutionary movement arose in response to the failure of the Spanish-based Propagandist Movement to achieve its goals.
The Filipinos of this movement were using "propaganda" in its Latin sense, not the pejorative connotation it has acquired in English. For instance, the Catholic institution calledSacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide - Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, is now translated as 'For the Evangelization of Peoples'). It was in the latter sense that the word was used by the Filipino group that sent Marcelo H. del Pilar to Spain to continue the "propaganda" on behalf of the Philippines.
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