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Apronunciation respelling for English is a notation used to convey thepronunciation of words in theEnglish language, which do not have aphonemic orthography (i.e. the spelling does not reliably indicate pronunciation).

There are two basic types of pronunciation respelling:

• "Phonemic" systems, as commonly found in American dictionaries, consistently use one symbol per English phoneme. These systems are conceptually equivalent to theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) commonly used in bilingual dictionaries and scholarly writings but tend to use symbols based on English rather than Romance-language spelling conventions (e.g.ē for IPA/i/) and avoid non-alphabetic symbols (e.g.sh for IPA/ʃ/).
• On the other hand, "non-phonemic"^[1] or "newspaper"^[2] systems, commonly used in newspapers and other non-technical writings, avoiddiacritics and literally "respell" words making use of well-known English words and spelling conventions, even though the resulting system may not have a one-to-one mapping between symbols and sounds.

As an example, one pronunciation ofArkansas, transcribed/ˈɑːrkənsɔː/ in theIPA, could be respelledär′kən-sô′^[3] orAR-kən-saw in a phonemic system, andarken-saw in a non-phonemic system.

Pronunciation respelling systems for English have been developed primarily for use in dictionaries. They are used there because it is not possible to predict with certainty the sound of a written English word from its spelling or the spelling of a spoken English word from its sound. So readers looking up an unfamiliar word in a dictionary may find, on seeing the pronunciation respelling, that the word is in fact already known to them orally. By the same token, those who hear an unfamiliar spoken word may see several possible matches in a dictionary and must rely on the pronunciation respellings to find the correct match.^[4]

Traditional respelling systems for English use only the 26 ordinary letters of theLatin alphabet withdiacritics, and are meant to be easy for native readers to understand. Englishdictionaries have used various such respelling systems to conveyphonemic representations of the spoken word sinceSamuel Johnson published hisDictionary of the English Language in 1755, the earliest being devised by James Buchanan was featured in his 1757 dictionaryLinguæ Britannicæ Vera Pronunciatio,^[5] although most words therein were not respelled but given diacritics;^[6] since the language described by Buchanan was that of Scotland,William Kenrick responded in 1773 withA New Dictionary of the English Language, wherein the pronunciation of Southern England was covered and numbers rather than diacritics used to represent vowel sounds;^[7]Thomas Sheridan devised a simpler scheme, which he employed in his successful 1780General Dictionary of the English Language, a much larger work consisting of two volumes;^[8][9] in 1791John Walker producedA Critical Pronouncing Dictionary, which achieved a great reputation and ran into some forty editions.^[10][11] Today, such systems remain in use in American dictionaries for native English speakers,^[12] but they have been replaced by theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in linguistics references and many bilingual dictionaries published outside the United States.^[13]

The pronunciation which dictionaries refer to is some chosen "normal" one, thereby excluding other regional accents or dialect pronunciation. In England this standard is normally theReceived Pronunciation, based upon the educated speech of southern England. The standard for American English is known asGeneral American (GA).

Sophisticated phonetic systems have been developed, such asJames Murray's scheme for the originalOxford English Dictionary, and the IPA, which replaced it in later editions and has been adopted by many British and international dictionaries. The IPA system is not a respelling system, because it uses symbols not in the English alphabet, such asð andθ. Most current British dictionaries^[14] use IPA for this purpose.

The following chart matches the IPA symbols used to represent the sounds of the English language with the phonetic symbols used in several dictionaries, a majority of which transcribeAmerican English.

These works adhere (for the most part) to the one-symbol-per-sound principle. Other works not included here, such asWebster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language (unabridged, 2nded.), do not adhere and thus have several different symbols for the same sound (partly to allow for differentphonemic mergers and splits).

• IPA –Compromise dialect-neutral English pronunciation using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), as used in Wikipedia.
• K&K –General American pronunciation using symbols largely corresponding to those of the IPA inA Pronouncing Dictionary of American English (also referred to asKenyon and Knott) (1944 [1953]),John S. Kenyon, Thomas A. Knott. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster.
• APA –Americanist phonetic notation, used primarily in linguistics literature in the U.S.
• NOAD –New Oxford American Dictionary (2001, 2005, 2010). New York: Oxford University Press. (Diacritical transcription).
• AHD –American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000). Boston: Houghton-Mifflin. Also used by theColumbia Encyclopedia.
• RHD –Random House Dictionary of the English Language (1966).
• WBO –World Book Online (1998).
• MECD –Microsoft Encarta College Dictionary.
• DPL –Dictionary of Pronunciation, Abraham Lass and Betty Lass.
• DPN –Dictionary of Pronunciation, Samuel Noory.
• TBD –Thorndike Barnhart Dictionary.
• NBC –NBC Handbook of Pronunciation.
• MWCD –Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary.
• OED –Oxford English Dictionary.
• COD –The Concise Oxford Dictionary (1964 [1974]), 5th edition, E. McIntosh, ed. Oxford: OUP. (This notation was used up to the 7th edition; newer editions use the IPA.)
• POD –The Pocket Oxford Dictionary (2006), 2nd edition, E. Jewell, Oxford: OUP.
• Cham –The Chambers Dictionary (2003).
• CPD –The Chambers Paperback Dictionary (2012).
• SD –Scholastic Dictionary.
• BLD –Black's Law Dictionary.
• AB –ARPABET, a commonly used computerized encoding of English pronunciation. It is used by theCMU Pronouncing Dictionary.
• Dictcom –Dictionary.com uses a custom phonetic alphabet.[1]
• BBC –BBC Phonetic Respelling.[2]
• Google –Google's pronunciation dictionary.
• Mac -Macquarie Dictionary's "say" respelling system.
• Wikipedia –Wikipedia Pronunciation Respelling Key, used in some Wikipedia articles to spell out the pronunciations of English words.

Some dictionaries indicate hyphenation and syllabic stress in the headword. A few have even used diacritics to show pronunciation "without respelling" in the headwords.

TheConcise Oxford Dictionary, 1st through 4th edition, used a mix of two systems.^[18] Some editions ofWebster's Unabridged Dictionary have offered a method for teachers to indicate pronunciation without respelling as a supplement to the respelling scheme used in the dictionary. Pronunciation without respelling is also sometimes used in texts with many unusual words, such as Bibles,^[19][20][21] when it is desirable to show the received pronunciation. These will often be more exhaustive than dictionary respelling keys because all possible digraphs or readings need to have a unique spelling.

TheInternational Phonetic Alphabet is a standardized method ofphonetic transcription developed by a group of English and French language teachers in 1888. In the beginning, only specialized pronunciation dictionaries for linguists used it, for example, theEnglish Pronouncing Dictionary edited by Daniel Jones (EPD, 1917). The IPA, used by English teachers as well, started to appear in popular dictionaries for learners of English as a foreign language such as theOxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1948) andLongman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1978).

IPA is very flexible and allows for a wide variety of transcriptions between broadphonemic transcriptions which describe the significant units of meaning in language andphonetic transcriptions which may indicate every nuance of sound in detail.

The IPA transcription conventions used in the first twelve editions of theEPD was relatively simple, using aquantitative system indicatingvowel length using atriangular colon, and requiring the reader to infer other vowel qualities. Many phoneticians preferred aqualitative system, which used different symbols to indicate vowel timbre and colour.A. C. Gimson introduced aquantitative-qualitative IPA notation system when he took over editorship of theEPD (13th edition, 1967); and by the 1990s, the Gimson system had become the de facto standard for phonetic notation of BritishReceived Pronunciation (RP).

The first native (not learner's) English dictionary using IPA may have been^[ambiguous] theCollins English Dictionary (1979), and others followed suit. TheOxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (OED2, 1989) used IPA, transcribed letter-for-letter from entries in the first edition, which had been noted in a scheme by the original editor,James Murray.

While IPA has not been adopted by popular dictionaries in the United States,^{[citation needed]} there is a demand for learner's dictionaries which provide both British and American English pronunciation. Some dictionaries, such as theCambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary and theLongman Dictionary of Contemporary English provide a separate transcription for each.

British and American English dialects have a similar set ofphonemes, but some are pronounced differently; in technical parlance, they consist of differentphones. Although developed for RP, the Gimson system being phonemic, it is not far from much ofGeneral American pronunciation as well. A number of recent dictionaries, such as theCollins COBUILD Advanced Learner's English Dictionary, add a few non-phonemic symbols/ʳiuᵊlᵊn/ to represent both RP and General American pronunciation in a single IPA transcription.

Clive Upton updated the Gimson scheme, changing the symbols used for five vowels. He served as pronunciation consultant for the influentialConcise Oxford English Dictionary, which adopted this scheme in its ninth edition (1995). Upton's reform is controversial: it reflects changing pronunciation, but critics say it represents a narrower regional accent, and abandons parallelism with American and Australian English. In addition, the phoneticianJohn C. Wells said that he could not understand why Upton had altered the presentation ofprice toprʌɪs.^[23]

Upton outlined his reasons for the transcription in a chapter ofA Handbook of Varieties of English. He said that thePRICE-vowel represented how the starting point could be anything from centralised front to centralised back.^[24] The change in the NURSE vowel was intended as a simplification as well as a reflection thatnɜːs was not the only possible realisation in RP.^[25] The other alterations were intended to reflect changes that have occurred over time.

The in-progress 3rd edition of theOxford English Dictionary uses Upton's scheme for representing British pronunciations. For American pronunciations it uses an IPA-based scheme devised by William Kretzschmar of theUniversity of Georgia.

For many English language learners, particularly learners without easy Internet access, dictionary pronunciation respelling are the only source of pronunciation information for most new words. Which respelling systems are best for such learners has been a matter of debate.

In countries where the local languages are written in non-Latin,phonemic orthographies, various other respelling systems have been used. In India, for example, many English bilingual dictionaries provide pronunciation respellings in the local orthography. This is the case for several Indian languages, including Hindi, Urdu, Malayalam, and Tamil. To reduce the potential distortions of bilingual phonemic transcription, some dictionaries add English letters to the local-script respellings to represent sounds not specified in the local script. For example, in English-Tamil dictionaries, the sounds /b/ and /z/ need to be specified, as in this respelling ofbusy: "bபிzஸி".^[33]

Because these respellings primarily use symbols already known to anyone with minimal literacy in the local language, they are more practical to use in such contexts than the IPA or the Latin respelling systems with diacritics. Another advantage of local-script respellings for English learners is that they retain the "flavour" oflocal English speech, allowing learners to make connections between their spoken and written English experiences. However, these systems also have limitations. One limitation is that they do not illuminate the English writing system. Like the IPA, they represent phonemes differently from the ways in which the phonemes are normally spelled. So these notations do not guide readers to infer the regularities of English spelling. Also, the practicality of these systems for learning English locally may be offset by difficulties in communication with people used to different norms such as General American or Received Pronunciation.

Most beginner dictionaries are picture dictionaries, or word books. For preliterate native speakers of a language, the pictures in these dictionaries both define the entry words and are the "keys" to their pronunciation. Respellings for English begin to appear in dictionaries for novice readers. Generally, US-based dictionaries contain pronunciation information for all headwords, while UK-based dictionaries provide pronunciation information only for unusual (e.g.,ache) or ambiguously spelled (e.g.,bow) words.^{[34][clarification needed]}

As the normal age ofliteracy acquisition varies among languages, so do the age-range designations of children's books. Generally, age ranges for young children's books in English lag behind those of languages withphonemic orthographies by about a year. This corresponds to the slow pace of literacy acquisition among English speakers as compared to speakers of languages with phonemic orthographies, such as Italian.^[35] Italian children are expected to learn to read within the first year of elementary school, whereas English-speaking children are expected to read by the end of third grade. Pronunciation respellings begin to appear in dictionaries for children in third grade and up.

There seems to be very little research on which respelling systems are most useful for children, apart from two small studies done in the 1980s and 1990s. Both studies were limited to traditional respelling systems without diacritics (setting aside both the IPA (and IPA-like systems) and theWebster-based systems used in American dictionaries). Both studies found that in such systems, word respellings may be cumbersome and ambiguous, as in this respelling ofpsychology: "suy-kol-uh-jee".

The authors of the two studies proposed alternative systems, though there were no follow-up studies. Yule's "cut system" leaves out extra letters, adds specific spellings for sounds with variable spellings, and adds accents to show long vowels, as in this respelling ofoccasion: o-cà-zhon.^[36] Fraser advocated a "non-phonemic" approach using a small set of common spelling patterns in which words would be respelled chunk by chunk, rather than phoneme by phoneme, as in this respelling ofpersiflage (IPA:/ˈpərsɪˌflɑʒ/): per-sif-large.^[37] According to both authors, the reduced vowel (schwa) does not need to be shown in a respelling so long as syllabification and syllable stress are shown.

The following overlapping issues concerning pronunciation respelling in children's dictionaries were directly raised by Yule and Fraser: the level of difficulty, the type of notation, the degree of divergence from regular spelling, and pronunciation norms. Yule also raised the question of the types of impact respelling systems could have on children's literacy acquisition. These issues could be usefully addressed in studies that include American respelling systems as well as the IPA.

An issue that has arisen since the Yule and Fraser studies concerns the utility of pronunciation respellings given the availability of audio pronunciations inonline dictionaries. Currently, the advantage of written respellings is that they may be read phoneme by phoneme, in parallel to the way novice readers are taught to "stretch out" words to hear all the sounds they contain, while the audio pronunciations are given only as whole words spoken in real time. When audio pronunciations are made flexible, it will become possible to study and compare the utility of different combinations of pronunciation features in the online children's dictionaries.

Anglophonepress agencies, such as theVoice of America,^[38] periodically release lists of respelledgiven names of internationally relevant people, in order to help news TV and radio announcers and spokespersons to pronounce them as closely as possible to their original languages.

• English spelling reform
• International Phonetic Alphabet
• International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
• SAMPA
• ARPABET
• English pronunciation of Greek letters
• Help:IPA/English
• Help:Pronunciation respelling key
• Help:IPA/Conventions for English

• Gaskins, Irene; et al. (1997). "Procedures for Word Learning: Making Discoveries About Words".The Reading Teacher.50 (4):312–327.
• Emsley, Bert (February 1940). "Progress in Pronouncing Dictionaries".American Speech.15 (1):55–59.doi:10.2307/452729.JSTOR 452729.
• Fraser, Helen (1996). "Guy-dance with Pro-nun-see-ay-shon".English Today.12 (3):29–37.doi:10.1017/S0266078400009135.S2CID 143626641.
• Fraser, Helen (1997). "Dictionary Pronunciation Guides for English".International Journal of Lexicography.10 (3):181–208.doi:10.1093/ijl/10.3.181.
• Students' Deluxe Dictionary (New ed.). Coimbatore: Deluxe Publishers. n.d.
• Landau, Sidney I. (2001).Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-78040-7.
• Oxford Junior Illustrated Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2011.
• Seymour, P.H.K.; et al. (2003)."Foundation Literacy Acquisition in European Orthographies".British Journal of Psychology.94 (2):143–147.doi:10.1348/000712603321661859.PMID 12803812.S2CID 9716179.
• Wells, John (2001). "IPA transcription systems for English", atUniversity College London Department of Phonetics and Linguistics site. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
• Yule, Valerie (1991).Pilot Experiments in Cutting Surplus Letters (Thesis). Archived fromthe original on 2011-10-18. Retrieved2011-08-09.
• Windsor Lewis, Jack (December 2003)."IPA vowel symbols for British English in dictionaries".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.33 (2):143–152.doi:10.1017/S0025100303001257.S2CID 144393808. Archived fromthe original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved2007-11-29.
• Upton, Clive (2004). "Received Pronunciation". In Schneider, Edgar W (ed.).A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. 1. Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 217–230.ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5.
• Antimoon.com. "Introduction to phonetic transcription", atAntimoon.com. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
• Oxford English Dictionary. "Pronunciation", from the Preface to the Third Edition. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
• Oxford English Dictionary. "Key for Second Edition Entries", from the OED website. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
• Oxford English Dictionary. "Key to New Edition Entries", from the OED website. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
• Merriam-Webster Online (n.d.)."Pronunciation Overview". Retrieved2011-07-23.

• Merriam-Webster Online,Pronunciation Overview,Pronunciation Guide,Guide to Pronunciation
• Pronunciation Guides in Children's Dictionaries
• Key to the Pronunciation, Oxford English Dictionary
• The use of Phonetic and other Symbols in Dictionaries: A brief survey
• Pronunciation key, the Free Dictionary
• PhoTransEdit – English Phonetic Transcription Editor : PhoTransEdit is a free tool created to make typing phonetic transcriptions easier. It includes automatic phonemic transcription (in RP and General American) of English texts and an IPA phonetic keyboard to edit them. The transcription can be pasted into other editors (e.g. Microsoft Word) or exported to use it in HTML pages.
• IPA Phonetic Transcription of English text: Online converter of English text into its phonetic transcription using International Phonetic Alphabet (British and American dialects).
• IPA Reader and Transcriber with Phonetic Respelling: Online IPA reader and transcriber in 20+ languages, includes pronunciation respelling.

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