Progressive Democrats An Páirtí Daonlathach | |
|---|---|
%2c_circa_2000s.png) | |
| Leader |
|
| Founder | Desmond O'Malley |
| Founded | 21 December 1985 (1985-12-21) |
| Dissolved | 20 November 2009 (2009-11-20) |
| Headquarters | 25 South Frederick Street,Dublin 2 |
| Youth wing | Young Progressive Democrats |
| Ideology | Conservative liberalism Economic liberalism |
| Political position | Centre-right[5] |
| European affiliation | European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party |
| European Parliament group | LDR (1989–1994) |
| International affiliation | Liberal International |
| Colours | Green,dark blue |
| Website | |
| http://www.progressivedemocrats.ie/ | |
TheProgressive Democrats (Irish:An Páirtí Daonlathach, literally "The Democratic Party"), commonly referred to as thePDs, were aconservative liberal[6][7]political party in Ireland. The party's history spanned 24 years, from its formation in 1985 to its dissolution in 2009.
Launched on 21 December 1985 byDesmond O'Malley and other politicians who had split fromFianna Fáil andFine Gael, the Progressive Democrats took liberal positions ondivorce,contraception and other social issues. The party also supportedeconomic liberalisation, advocating measures such as lowertaxation,fiscal conservatism,privatisation andwelfare reform. The party performed strongly at its first election, the1987 general election, winning 14 seats inDáil Éireann and capturing almost 12 per cent of the popular vote to temporarily surpass theLabour Party as Ireland's third-largest political party.
Although the Progressive Democrats never again won more than 10 seats in the Dáil, it formedcoalition governments withFianna Fáil during the26th Dáil (1989–1992), the28th Dáil (1997–2002), the29th Dáil (2002–2007) and the30th Dail (2007–2009). These successive years as the government's junior coalition partner gave the party an influence on Irish politics andeconomics disproportionate to its small size. The party was credited with shaping the low-tax, pro-business environment that contributed to Ireland'sCeltic Tiger economic boom during the 1990s and 2000s;[8] however, it was also blamed for contributing to the post-2008Irish financial and economic crisis.[9]
Mary Harney became party leader in 1993, the first woman to lead any major Irish political party. She stepped down in 2006 and was succeeded byMichael McDowell, who led the party into the2007 general election, where it lost six of its eight seats in the Dáil. The party never recovered from this electoral collapse. On 8 November 2008, delegates to a special conference in Mullingar voted to disband the party, which was formally dissolved on 20 November 2009.[10][11] The two Progressive Democrats elected to the 30th Dáil, Harney andNoel Grealish, continued to support the government as independent TDs. Harney continued to serve asMinister for Health and Children until January 2011.
The party was founded in 1985 byDesmond O'Malley, a former senior minister in Fianna Fáil governments underJack Lynch andCharles Haughey. O'Malley was a strong opponent of Haughey and was involved in a number of leadership heaves against Haughey, who was popular and controversial in equal measure. O'Malley had lost the Fianna Fáil whip in the Dáil in 1984 because of his support for theNew Ireland Forum report and was finally expelled from Fianna Fáil early in 1985 for "conduct unbecoming" a member when he refused to support Fianna Fáil's opposition to the introduction of contraception.
At the party's launch in December 1985, O'Malley was joined byMary Harney, who had lost the Fianna Fáil parliamentary whip, and by former Fine Gael activistMichael McDowell. In the weeks after its launch, Fianna Fáil TDsBobby Molloy andPearse Wyse, andFine Gael TDMichael Keating also joined the party. The defectors were dissatisfied with the policies of existing parties, which they viewed as being insufficiently liberal, both economically and on social issues such as divorce and contraception. In Ireland in 1985, when personal income above£7,300 per annum was taxed at 60 percent, the country'snational debt was 104 percent of GDP, unemployment was 17.3 percent, the Progressive Democrats' liberal reformist agenda was considered especially radical.
McDowell suggested a number of names for the party, including New Democrats, New Republic, National Party, Radical Party; Progressive Democrats was not among his suggestions.[12] O'Malley declared that the party ought to be pro-enterprise, in favour of economic participation by all, liberal and pluralist, hostile to institutional dependency, favourable to incentives, pro self-reliance, deregulating where possible, anti-monopoly and pro-competition, low-key on nationalism, stressing "real republican" values rather than "nationalistic myths".[12]
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At the1987 general election the new party won 14 seats and 11.9% of the vote, becoming the third-largest party in the25th Dáil. The Progressive Democrats formed the second-largest opposition party under difficult circumstances. The minority Fianna Fáil government introduced some of the economic reforms that the Progressive Democrats had recommended. Fianna Fáil was however largely supported by Fine Gael where the economy was concerned, and so the Progressive Democrats had difficulty being effective in opposition.
After the1989 general election, the party had only six seats but formed a coalition government with Fianna Fáil, with Charles Haughey asTaoiseach, which was the first time Fianna Fáil entered coalition. PD leader Desmond O'Malley served asMinister for Industry and Commerce.
In 1990, a scandal broke surroundingTánaiste (deputy prime minister)Brian Lenihan Snr's role in pressuring PresidentPatrick Hillery not to allow then-TaoiseachGarret FitzGerald to dissolve the Dáil in 1982. The Progressive Democrats gave Haughey an ultimatum—unless Lenihan was removed from cabinet, they would pull out of the coalition and support a no-confidence motion in the government. Haughey tried to force Lenihan to resign, and sacked him when he refused. A year later, after former Justice MinisterSeán Doherty claimed that Haughey had authorisedtapping journalists' phones in the 1980s, the PDs told Haughey that they would tear up the coalition agreement if he remained as Taoiseach. With O'Malley's approval, Haughey stood down as Taoiseach in February 1992. He was replaced byAlbert Reynolds, and O'Malley retained his cabinet post.
After the collapse of Reynolds' first administration later in 1992, O'Malley retired from the leadership of the party. Following the 1992 general election,John Dardis (Agricultural Panel) andCathy Honan (Industrial and Commercial Panel) were elected toSeanad Éireann as part of an election pact with their politically polar oppositesDemocratic Left.[13] Mary Harney became the new leader after a bitter electoral contest withPat Cox who later left the party. Harney was the first woman to lead any of the major Irish political parties.[a] Harney served asTánaiste (deputy prime minister) from May 1997 until September 2006 after a return to government in coalition with Fianna Fáil.
In the2002 general election the party doubled its Dáil seats to eight, although its share of the vote declined slightly to 4%. In total, the Progressive Democrats participated in coalition governments four times, on each occasion with Fianna Fáil (1989–1992; 1997–2002; 2002–2007; 2007–2009), and also with theGreen Party from 2007 to 2009.
In 2005 Michael McDowell publicly took a firmly anti-republican position and named Gerry Adams, Martin McGuinness and Martin Ferris as members of the IRA Army Council. The convention in Irish politics at this time was not to accuse Sinn Féin politicians of being members of the Army Council, in doing so McDowell broke with convention. He said that until the IRA disbanded Sinn Féin could not be involved in government, North or South.[12]
On 7 September 2006, Mary Harney announced that she was stepping down as leader of the Progressive Democrats. She expressed a wish to stay on as Minister for Health.[14] On 10 September, Michael McDowell was elected unopposed as Party Leader, having been nominated byTom Parlon and that nomination being seconded byLiz O'Donnell.[15] Liz O'Donnell became Deputy Leader and Tom Parlon became Party President.
The2007 general election was a disastrous one for the party. The Progressive Democrats lost six of their eight seats in the 166-seatDáil. Among those to lose their seats were party leader Michael McDowell, deputy leader Liz O'Donnell and party president Tom Parlon.[16] McDowell retired from public life after he lost his seat, and Mary Harney was asked by the party chairperson to resume the role of party leader.[17] The following month, Tom Parlon announced that he was also leaving public life and would take up the position of Director General of the Irish Construction Industry Federation.[18]
A committee headed by former SenatorJohn Dardis recommended in September 2007 that the role of leader be taken on by a senator or councillor (although the party rules then required that the position must be held by a TD).[19] A meeting of the party's General Council on 16 February 2008 changed the rules to allow any senator, councillor or any party member with the support of 20 other members to stand for the party's leadership[20] and on 17 April, SenatorCiarán Cannon was elected leader, defeating fellow SenatorFiona O'Malley.[21]
The party's two remainingTDs,Mary Harney andNoel Grealish, entered into coalition government withFianna Fáil and theGreen Party in the30th Dáil. The party never recovered from this electoral collapse. On 8 November 2008, with all parliamentary members (two TDs and two Senators) and founder Desmond O'Malley united in the opinion that the party was no longer politically viable, delegates to a special conference inMullingar voted by 201 votes to 161 to bring the Progressive Democrats to an end.[22] In January 2009 the party was still operating and in receipt of state funding,[23] including a Party Leader's Allowance paid to Minister Mary Harney,[24] but had ceased to receive funding by the following June. In March 2009, Noel Grealish became caretaker leader after Cannon's decision to joinFine Gael, and he retained the role for the remaining months of the party's existence.
The archives of the Progressive Democrats party were presented toUniversity College Dublin on 10 June 2009.[25] At least 20 former Progressive Democrats councillors won seats oncounty, city and town councils at the2009 local elections. Some were elected asFine Gael candidates, some asFianna Fáil and others as independents.[25]
At the2011 general election 11 former Progressive Democrats members stood as candidates for the Dáil in a country-wide spread of constituencies. Three former PD members were elected:Mary Mitchell O'Connor (PD Councillor 2004–2008) was elected inDún Laoghaire for Fine Gael,Ciarán Cannon (PD Senator 2007–2009 / party leader 2008–2009) was elected inGalway East for the same party, whileNoel Grealish (PD TD 2002–2009 / caretaker party leader 2009) was re-elected as an independent TD forGalway West. Several ex-PD members stood for election to Seanad Éireann in 2011.Cáit Keane was elected as a Fine Gael senator; she had served onSouth Dublin County Council for the PDs between 1991 and 2008, and had stood for election in theDublin South-Central constituency for the PDs in 1992, 1994 and 1997.
As of 2024, Noel Grealish remains in the Dáil, having been re-elected as an independent in2011,2016,2020 and2024.
Michael McDowell was elected to the Seanad in 2016, 2020 and 2025 as an independent representing theNational University of Ireland panel.
The Progressive Democrats were described asconservative liberals,[6][7][26]liberal,[27][28][29] andclassical liberal.[30]
The party's economic policies were based onneoliberalism.[31][32][33] They supported the freedom of private enterprise and the lowering of taxes. They generally favoured privatisation; for example, they supported the privatisation of the previously state-owned airlineAer Lingus and communications companyTelecom Éireann. They were also part of the break-up of airports companyAer Rianta and unsuccessfully lobbied for a private, competing second terminal inDublin Airport. As acting PD leader andMinister for Health, Mary Harney was involved in the controversial extension of private-sector influence in health care. She pursued a policy of co-location of private hospitals on public hospital grounds and is seen as sympathetic to the privatisation ofhealth insurance. However, they opposed their coalition partner's plans to privatise airports companyAer Rianta on the grounds that a private monopoly would be worse than a public monopoly.[citation needed]
The party was a strong supporter of low taxation. As theEconomic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) stated in 2002: "On balance, budgets over the past 10 to 20 years have been more favourable to high income groups than low income groups, but particularly so during periods of high growth".[34] While the party was in government since 1997, the lower rate ofincome tax fell from 26% to 20% and the upper rate from 48% to 41%.[35][36]
They supported lowcorporation tax because they believe it encouraged business growth and enabled private enterprise to be rewarded. The party often claimed these policies were in part responsible for the "Celtic Tiger" economy. Dermot McAleese,emeritus professor of economics atTrinity College Dublin, says that the emergence of the Progressive Democrats in 1985 may have had a more positive influence on the economy than some recognise. He argues the Irish low-tax, pro-business economy is based in large part on Progressive Democrat policies. "They proved that there was a constituency for this, and they gave the intellectual power to it."[37]
The party leaders rejected the idea that they are ruled by ideology alone. Former party leader Michael McDowell has said that he seesliberalism as not being on the left-right spectrum as it is a mix of the ideals of both. Mary Harney, on becoming health minister said "I don't get my politics from any ideology, I get it from my experience and common sense".[citation needed] Yet Harney was a controversial minister who attempted to extend private influence in the health service and McDowell's campaign in thegeneral election included particularly strong attacks on Irishleft-wing parties.
Despite having in its ranks theopenly gayColm O'Gorman, the Progressive Democrats did not supportsame-sex marriage. Instead, they claimed to propose legislating forcivil union; however attempts by theLabour Party to legislate for civil unions in the previousDáil had been forestalled by PDMinister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform Michael McDowell, due to his insistence that non-sex relationships be recognised too. The Progressive Democrats again voted down the same bill in the29th Dáil.[original research?]
Both Progressive Democrats and other commentators have suggested that the party had a greater influence on government policy since 1997 than might be expected from its size. This belief appears to have some basis – as of September 2004 the party controlled two of the most important cabinet positions (Justice andHealth), despite having less than one-tenth of the seats of its coalition partner Fianna Fáil.
In a 2000 speech to theAmerican Bar Association, the then party leader Mary Harney appeared to express a desire that Ireland become "closer to Boston than Berlin",[38] adopting US free-market models for economic development, health, education, and other services rather thanEuropean Continental models because she believed that while continental countries (such asGermany andFrance) have more equality, they had bad economies and high unemployment.
However, in the midst of the ongoing Irish financial crisis, many opponents began to question the legacy of the Progressive Democrats. In a review of theDepartment of Finance Robert Wright, a Canadian economist, singled out the policies of the PDs andFianna Fáil's 2002 election manifestos as contributing significantly to the2008 property market crash.[9]
| Name | Portrait | Period | Constituency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Desmond O'Malley |  | 1985–1993 | Limerick East |
| Mary Harney | .jpg) | 1993–2006 | Dublin South-West Dublin Mid-West |
| Michael McDowell | .jpg) | 2006–2007 | Dublin South-East |
| Mary Harney |  | 2007–2008 | Dublin Mid-West |
| Ciarán Cannon |  | 2008–2009 | Senatornominated by the Taoiseach |
| Noel Grealish | _2020_(cropped).jpg) | 2009 | Galway West |
| Election | Seats won | ± | Position | First Pref votes | % | Government | Leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1987 | 14 / 166 |  14 | 3rd | 210,583 | 11.8% | Opposition | Desmond O'Malley |
| 1989 | 6 / 166 |  8 | 5th | 91,013 | 5.5% | Coalition(FF-PD) | Desmond O'Malley |
| 1992 | 10 / 166 | 4 | 4th | 80,787 | 4.7% | Opposition | Desmond O'Malley |
| 1997 | 4 / 166 | 6 |  4th | 83,765 | 4.7% | Coalition(FF-PD) | Mary Harney |
| 2002 | 8 / 166 | 4 | 4th | 73,628 | 4.0% | Coalition(FF-PD) | Mary Harney |
| 2007 | 2 / 166 | 6 | 6th | 56,396 | 2.73% | Coalition(FF-GP-PD) | Michael McDowell |
| Election | Leader | First pref. vote | Vote % | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | Desmond O'Malley | 70,926 | 5.0% | 37 / 883 |
| 1994 | Mary Harney | 8,077 | 3.24% | 18 / 744 |
| 1999 | Mary Harney | 41,362 | 2.9% | 25 / 883 |
| 2004 | Mary Harney | 69,650 | 3.8% | 33 / 1,627 |
The Chairman of the Progressive Democrats, Peter Wyer, has asked Mary Harney to assume the functions and responsibilities of party leader until the formation of the next Government.
As Irish people our relationships with the United States and the European Union are complex. Geographically we are closer to Berlin than Boston. Spiritually we are probably a lot closer to Boston than Berlin.
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