Programming is a form ofmusicproduction and performance usingelectronic devices andcomputer software, such assequencers andworkstations or hardwaresynthesizers,sampler and sequencers, to generate sounds of musical instruments. These musical sounds are created through the use of music coding languages. There are many music coding languages of varying complexity. Music programming is also frequently used in modernpop androck music from various regions of the world, and sometimes injazz andcontemporary classical music. It gained popularity in the 1950s and has been emerging ever since.[1]
Music programming is the process in which a musician produces a sound or "patch" (be it from scratch or with the aid of asynthesizer/sampler), or uses asequencer to arrange a song.
Music coding languages are used to program the electronic devices to produce the instrumental sounds they make. Each coding language has its own level of difficulty and function.
The music coding language Alda provides a tutorial on coding music and is, "designed for musicians who do not know how to program, as well as programmers who do not know how to music".[2] The website also has links to install, tutorial, cheat sheet, docs, and community for anyone visiting the website.
LC computer music programming language is a more complex computer music programming language meant for more experienced coders. One of the differences between this language and other music coding languages is that, "Unlike existing unit-generator languages, LC provides objects as well as library functions and methods that can directly represent microsounds and related manipulations that are involved in microsound synthesis."[3]
Music programming has had a vast history of development leading to the creation of different programs and languages. Each development comes with more function and utility and each decade tends to favor a certain program and or piece of equipment.
The firstdigital synthesis family ofcomputer programs and languages beingMUSIC-N created byMax Mathews. The development of these programs, allowed for more flexibility and utility, eventually leading them to become fully developed languages. As programs such as MUSIC I, MUSIC II and MUSIC III were developed, which were all created by Max Matthews, new technologies were incorporated in such as the table-lookup oscillator in MUSIC II and theunit generator in MUSIC III. The breakthrough technologies such as the unit generator, which acted as a building block for music programming software, and the acoustic compiler, which allowed "unlimited number of sound synthesis structures to be created in the computer", further the complexity and evolution of music programming systems.[4]
Around the time of the 1950s, electric rhythm machines began to make way intopopular music. These machines began to gain much traction amongst many artists as they saw it as a way to createpercussion sounds in an easier and more efficient way. Artists who used this kind of technology includeJ. J. Cale,Sly Stone,Phil Collins,Marvin Gaye, andPrince. Some of the populardrum machines through the time of the 1950s-1970s were the Side Man, Ace Tone's Rhythm Ace, Korg's Doncamatic, and Maestro's Rhythm King. In 1979, theLM-1 drum machine computer was released by guitaristRoger Linn, its goal being to help artists achieve realistic sounding drum sounds. This drum machine had eight different drum sounds:kick drum,snare,hi-hat,cabasa,tambourine, twotom toms, twocongas,cowbell,clave, andhandclaps. The different sounds could be recorded individually and they sounded real because of the highfrequencies of the sound (28 kHz). Some notable artists who used the LM-1 werePeter Gabriel,Stevie Wonder,Michael Jackson, andMadonna.[1] These developments continued to happen in future decades leading to the creation of newelectrical instruments such as theTheremin,Hammond organ,electric guitar,synthesizer, anddigital sampler. Other technologies such as thephonograph,tape-recorder, andcompact disc have enabled artists to create and produce sounds without the use of live musicians.[5][6]
The music programming innovations of the 1980s brought many new unique sounds to this style of music. Popular music sounds during this time were thegated reverb,synthesizers, drum machines with 1980s sounds, vocalreverb,delay, andharmonization, and master bus mix downs andtape.[7] Music programming began to emerge around this time which drew up controversy. Many artists were adapting more towards this technology and the traditional way music was made and recorded began to change. For instance, many artists began to record their beats by programming instead of recording a livedrummer.[1]
Today, music programming is very common, with artists using software on a computer to produce music and not actually usingphysical instruments. These different programs are calleddigital audio workstations (DAW) and are used for editing,recording, andmixing music files. Most DAW programs incorporate the use ofMIDI technology, which allows for music production software to carry out communication betweenelectronic instruments, computers, and other related devices. While most DAWs carry out the same function and do the same thing, there are some that require less expertise and are easier for beginners to operate. These programs can be run on personal computers. Popular DAWs include:FL Studio,AvidPro Tools,Apple Logic Pro X, MagixAcid Pro,Ableton Live,Presonus Studio One, Magix Samplitude Pro X,CockosReaper,PropellerheadReason,Steinberg Cubase Pro,GarageBand, andBitwig Studio.
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