Proenkephalin is produced by themedium spiny neurons of thestriatum which undergo neurodegeneration in early stages ofHuntington's disease (HD). PENK[14] and related peptides[15][16] measured incerebrospinal fluid are proposed as potentialbiomarkers of disease progression in HD. Furthermore, PENK has been found associated with acute kidney injury[17] and glomerular filtration rate in steady-state and critically ill patients.[18][19]
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^Hurlbut DE, Evans CJ, Barchas JD, Leslie FM (June 1987). "Pharmacological properties of a proenkephalin A-derived opioid peptide: BAM 18".European Journal of Pharmacology.138 (3):359–366.doi:10.1016/0014-2999(87)90474-2.PMID3040439.
^abMizuno K, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Matsuo H (December 1980). "A new family of endogenous "big" Met-enkephalins from bovine adrenal medulla: purification and structure of docosa- (BAM-22P) and eicosapeptide (BAM-20P) with very potent opiate activity".Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.97 (4):1283–1290.doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(80)80005-2.PMID7213356.
^Micanovic R, Kruggel W, Ray P, Lewis RV (1984). "Purification and sequence of a non-opioid peptide derived from ovine proenkephalin: implications for possible species specific processing".Peptides.5 (5):853–856.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(84)90105-0.PMID6504720.S2CID3869685.
^Boarder MR, Evans C, Adams M, Erdelyi E, Barchas JD (December 1987). "Peptide E and its products, BAM 18 and Leu-enkephalin, in bovine adrenal medulla and cultured chromaffin cells: release in response to stimulation".Journal of Neurochemistry.49 (6):1824–1832.doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb02443.x.PMID3681299.S2CID19919675.
^Jones BN, Stern AS, Lewis RV, Kimura S, Stein S, Udenfriend S, et al. (October 1980). "Structure of two adrenal polypeptides containing multiple enkephalin sequences".Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics.204 (1):392–395.doi:10.1016/0003-9861(80)90048-X.PMID7425644.
^Salzet M, Tasiemski A (April 2001). "Involvement of pro-enkephalin-derived peptides in immunity".Developmental and Comparative Immunology.25 (3):177–85.doi:10.1016/s0145-305x(00)00047-1.PMID11164883.
^Iadarola MJ, Mouradian MM (February 1989). "Decrease in a proenkephalin peptide in cerebrospinal fluid in Huntington's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy".Brain Research.479 (2):397–401.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)91648-X.PMID2522341.S2CID11033749.
