Private universities andprivate colleges arehigher education institutions not operated, owned, or institutionally funded bygovernments. However, they often receivetax breaks, public student loans, and government grants. Depending on the country, private universities may be subject to government regulations. Private universities may be contrasted with public universities and national universities which are either operated, owned or institutionally funded by governments. Additionally, many private universities operate asnonprofit organizations.
Across the world, different countries have different regulations regarding accreditation for private universities and as such, private universities are more common in some countries than in others. Some countries do not have any private universities at all.
Egypt currently has 21 public universities with about two million students and 23 private universities with 60,000 students.
Egypt has many private universities including theAmerican University in Cairo, theGerman University in Cairo,The British University in Egypt, theArab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport,Misr University for Science and Technology,Misr International University,Future University in Egypt and theModern Sciences and Arts University.
In addition to the state-fundednational and private universities in Egypt, international university institutions were founded in theNew Administrative Capital and are hosting branches of Universities from abroad. The Knowledge Hub (TKH) and European Universities in Egypt (EUE) are among these institutions.
TheEthiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church doctrine embraces traditional higher institutions inEthiopia. Modern higher education could be traced back to the regime ofEmperorHaile Selassie, with the first university, the University College of Addis Ababa (now called theAddis Ababa University or AAU), formed in 1950. In 1954, theHaramaya University opened.
As of 2022, there are 83 private universities, 42 public universities, and more than 35 institutions of higher learning.[1]
There were a few private universities inGhana before the beginning of the 21st century. However, since then, Ghana has seen a surge in the establishment of private universities and colleges – a reflection of the country's stable governance and the pace of economic growth. Most of these universities are not known to be sponsored by foreign corporate organizations or government universities, and the aim is to avoid theGhanaian government's excessive payment of bonds, which is a requirement for all foreign institutions endeavoring to operate businesses in the country. Almost all the private universities in Ghana focus on similar areas of academic study, including business administration, human resources, accounting, information technology, and related fields, which are offered by universities likeAshesi,Regent,Valley View,Ghana Telecom, and others. In addition, the recent discovery of oil and gas in commercial quantities has influenced the development of oil and gas management courses within the private universities' curricula.[2]
The Commission for Higher Education inKenya is the institution responsible for acknowledging universities as private. There are currently 33 private universities in Kenya.[3]
Libya has several recognized private education institutions and universities that the Ministry of Higher Education has approved. They are ranked and qualified to specialize in academic programs in Business Administration, Computer Science, Law, Medicine, and Humanitarianism.[4]
TheNational Universities Commission ofNigeria holds the responsibility to approve private universities and accredit their courses. This ensures a minimum standard in curriculum and teaching. There are currently 60 approved private universities in Nigeria, and many applications are being processed.[5]
InSouth Africa, only public institutions can be classified as a 'university'; and there are many distinctions between public schools and what are officially termed private higher education institutions. Recognised private higher education institutions include Akademia (af),Regent Business School,Eduvos,Varsity College,Vega School,Milpark Education,Midrand Graduate Institute, andRegenesys Business School.[6]
Numerous private universities have been established inBangladesh since the enactment of thePrivate University Act, 1992, which was later repealed and replaced by thePrivate University Act, 2010.[7] The 2010 Act introduced a structured regulatory framework for private higher education, requiring each institution to establish a Board of Trustees, Syndicate, and Academic Council. It also mandates that a university may receive provisional approval for up to seven years, after which permanent certification is granted if the university meets the prescribed academic and infrastructural standards.[8]
All private universities must obtain approval from theUniversity Grants Commission (UGC) before commencing operations, and their programmes and curricula are subject to UGC oversight.[9] As of April 2025, there are 109 approvedprivate universities operating across Bangladesh.[10]
Private institutions must confer the students with external programs such as BDTVEC, the largest awarding body in the country,BTEC, andCambridge International Examinations pathways. Accreditation by the Brunei Darussalam National Accreditation Council (BDNAC) is crucial to establish a private institution.
Private universities have been established inCambodia since 1997.
Since 2003, joint-partnership private universities have been established in thePeople's Republic of China (PRC). Typically, the partners may include a Chinese university and a non-Chinese institution. English is often the only language of instruction at such universities and many focus on providing a comprehensive liberal arts education modeled after research universities in the United States and Europe.
Universities inIndia are recognized by theUniversity Grants Commission (UGC), which draws its power from theUniversity Grants Commission Act, 1956.[11] Private universities inIndia are regulated under theUGC (Establishment and Maintenance of Standards in Private Universities) Regulations, 2003.[12] Per the UGC act and these regulations, private (state) universities are established by acts ofstate legislative assemblies and listed by the UGC in theGazette upon receiving the relevant act. As confirmed by the ruling of theSupreme Court of India, recognition by the UGC is required for the university to operate.[13] Also, per the 2003 regulations, the UGC sends committees to inspect the state private universities and publishes their inspection report.
The UGC publishes and regularly updates the lists of state private universities.[14] As of 17 January 2024[update], the UGC lists 471 state private universities.[15]
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As of 2010[update], Japan had 597 private universities, 86national universities, and 95public universities.[16] Private universities thus account for over 75% of all universities in Japan. A large number of junior colleges in Japan are private and like public and national universities, many private universities useNational Center Test for University Admissions as anentrance exam.
There is one private university in Madaba city, theAmerican University of Madaba (AUM).
There are 11 private universities and colleges inKuwait.
There are 19 private universities in Lebanon.[17] Among these, theAmerican University of Beirut and theLebanese American University are internationally acknowledged.[18]
The languages used for teaching in private universities are mainlyFrench andEnglish;Arabic is widely used in religious universities andArmenian is used in theArmenian university.
The first university opened in Lebanon was the Syrian Protestant College in 1866 (which became the American University of Beirut in 1921). It was founded by Daniel Bliss, a Protestant missionary. The second university opened in Lebanon was theUniversité Saint-Joseph, founded by theJesuits in 1875.
Oman is home to several private universities, includingSohar University, theUniversity of Nizwa,Middle East College, and theGerman University of Technology in Oman. These universities offer a range of undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs in fields such as business, engineering, and information technology. Private universities in Oman offer a more personalized and interactive learning experience, as the student-teacher ratio is typically lower and there are more opportunities for hands-on learning. Additionally, private universities in Oman often have more flexible curricula and can respond quickly to changing labor markets and global trends.
All private universities in Oman must be recognized by theOmani Ministry of Higher Education to offer degree programs and receive approval for new degrees. The Ministry has procedures and standards that all universities must meet to receive accreditation and recognition as an institution of higher education.
The Higher Education Commission (HEC), formerly the University Grant Commission (UGC), is the primary regulator of higher education inPakistan. It also facilitates the development of the higher educational system in Pakistan. Its main purpose is to upgrade the schools to be world-class centers of education, research, and development. It also plays a leading role in building a knowledge-based economy in Pakistan by giving out hundreds of doctoral scholarships for education abroad every year.
Despite the criticism of the HEC, its creation had a positive impact on higher education in Pakistan. Its two-year report for 2004 to 2006 states that according to the Institute of Scientific Information, the total number of publications appearing in the 8,000 leading journals indexed in theWeb of Science arising out of Pakistan in 2005 was 1,259 articles, representing a 41% increase over the past two years and a 60% increase since the establishment of HEC in 2002. The HEC digital library now provides access to over 20,000 leading research journals, covering about 75% of the world's peer-reviewed scientific journals.
Until 1991, there were only two recognized private universities in Pakistan:Aga Khan University, established in 1983, andLahore University of Management Sciences, established in 1985. By 1997, there were 10 private universities. From 2001 to 2002, this number had doubled to 20. Among the first to gain degree awarding status wasHajvery University, Lahore (HU), established in 1990. From 2003 to 2004, Pakistan had a total of 83 private degree-granting institutions.
There are nine private universities inSaudi Arabia.
InSri Lanka, state-recognized private institutes are allowed to award degrees under Section 25A of the Universities Act No. 16 of 1978. TheUniversity Grants Commission is responsible for the accreditation of these institutes and degrees. These mostly provide undergraduate degrees with a few providing postgraduate degrees.[19][20]Informatics Institute of Technology (IIT),[21]NSBM Green University,[22]Horizon Campus,[23]Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology (SLIIT)[24] andSLTC Research University[25] are examples. Some foreign universities franchise parts of their degree courses in Sri Lanka with local institutes. Students are charged for the study (some of these institutes are state-funded institutions of their home countries) and these charges are often a fraction of the cost of studying in the home countries of these institutions.
Efforts to establish private universities have been blocked due to protests from state universities' undergraduates and leftist political parties.
Many private colleges have sprung up since, including the Auston Institute of Management, Singapore. The Sri Lanka campus was established in 2010 and is a Board of Investment or (BOI) company. It retains a similar focus to the home campus and occupies a prime spot along Colombo's famous Galle Road.[26]
InTaiwan, private universities are typically not as prestigious as some public (national) universities. They are not ranked as high as public institutions and cost nearly twice as much. This is due to the form of testing in schools in Taiwan, in which students take a national entrance exam to determine their university qualifications. The most well known private university isFu Jen Catholic University, and the oldest isTunghai University.
Since the 1990s, several private universities have opened inVietnam including Ho Chi Minh City Open University being one of the first. Some characteristics of Vietnamese private universities as of 2010[update] are high (very high in some cases) tuition fees, poor infrastructure, limited faculty, and human resources.
Private universities are often named after scholars (Fulbright University Vietnam, Vo Truong Toan University,Nguyen Trai University,Luong The Vinh University,Chu Van An University,Yersin University,Phan Chau Trinh University), or heroes/legends (Hung Vuong University,Quang Trung University); although there are exceptions such asFPT University, named after theFPT Corporation andTan Tao University inTan Tao Group.
In Vietnam, there are also "semi-private university"; schools in this category which can receive partial financial support from the government. Almost all private universities have to invite professors and lecturers from state universities. Many lecturers from state-owned universities take up positions in private universities after their retirement.
There are numerous private universities and independent faculties inArmenia, mostly inYerevan. As of 2022, there are 31 private higher education institutions in the country, most notably theAmerican University of Armenia and theEurasia International University.[27]
InAustria, educational institutions must be authorized by the country to legally grantacademic degrees. All state-run universities are governed by the 2002 Austrian Universities' and University Degree Programmes' Organisation Act (Federal Law Gazette No. 120/2002). In 1999, a federal law (Universitäts-Akkreditierungsgesetz) was passed to allow theaccreditation of private universities. TheAkkreditierungsrat (Accreditation Council)[28] evaluates applicants and issues recommendations to the responsible Austrian accreditation authority (the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science & Research).
Accreditation by the council yields a couple of privileges: degrees issued by accredited private universities have the same legal status as those issued by state-run universities. Private universities can appoint or promoteprofessors. Their students enjoy the same privileges including social security, foreign law, and state scholarships as students at state universities. Educational services of private universities are not subject tovalue added tax, and donations are tax-deductible.
Accreditations must be renewed regularly and can be withdrawn, e.g., in the case of repeated academic misconduct as happened in 2003 when the accreditation ofInternational University Vienna was withdrawn. In 2006, when the accreditation ofImadec University expired, the Accreditation Council rejected any renewal requests.
Austrian law provides that private universities in Austria must use the termPrivatuniversität ("private university") in theirGerman names, although their formal names in other languages are not regulated. Thus, there is the possibility of private institutions employing the term "university" as opposed to "private university" in their advertisements in all languages except German while still complying with Austrian law.
While the legal definition of "private university" prohibits funding by the federal government of Austria, funding by other public bodies is not prohibited. Consequently, some of Austria's private universities are partly or wholly funded by provincial governments, while others are fully privately funded.
Accreditation of private universities began in 2001. As of 2020[update], Austria has 16 private universities. Most are small (fewer than 1000 students) and specialize in only one or two fields of study. Four former private universities arenot accredited anymore: theInternational University Vienna, whose accreditation was withdrawn in 2003 due to academic misconduct;Imadec University, whose first accreditation period ended in January 2006 and was not renewed; TCM Privatuniversität Li Shi Zhen inVienna, whose accreditation period ended 2009 without renewal students; andPEF Private University of Management Vienna, which closed for economic reasons in March 2012.
Belgium makes a distinction between free institutions (as in free from the State), which are recognized and funded by theCommunities of Belgium (the State until 1990) and follow the same rules and laws as fully public universities, and fully private institutions, which are not recognized nor funded by the authorities, and thus do not issue valid degrees.
Private (free) institutions are predominantly Catholic:UCLouvain,KU Leuven orSaint-Louis University, Brussels. On the contrary, theFree University of Brussels (nowadays split intoULB andVUB) was founded bymasonic individuals. All of these institutions began to be recognized by the State from 1891 onwards.
It is forbidden by law to call a fully private institution "university" or "faculty", meaning fully private (non-free) 'universities' have limited visibility.
Bulgaria has many private universities, among which the most renowned areNew Bulgarian University, located in the capital citySofia;Burgas Free University;Varna Free University andAmerican University in Bulgaria.
Finland does not officially recognize private universities but does not explicitly forbid them either.Helsinki School of Business is an example of one such educational institution operating in this market.
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Since 1880, it has been illegal for a private institution to be called "université",[29] and most of the universities in France are public.
In France,grandes écoles are part of an alternative educational system that operates alongside the mainstreamFrench public university system.Grandes écoles can bepublic, semi-private or private, but the most prestigious ones are public. These institutions operate mostly in engineering studies and business administration. The best-known semi-privategrandes écoles are generally business, engineering, and humanities schools; they are generally managed by chambers of commerce and industry, with capital open to other private companies. Othergrandes écoles are entirely private, but this is rarer, and they sometimes establish partnerships with public universities.
Universities andgrandes écoles compete in these two fields. Some of them report to the Ministry of Higher Education, such asArts et Métiers ParisTech andÉcole Centrale Paris, and a few to the Ministry of Defense, such asÉcole polytechnique. Several privategrandes écoles are members of theConférence des Grandes Écoles, a lobbying group representing grandes écoles. Mostgrandes écoles can be joined after following two years ofclasse préparatoire aux grandes écoles, an intensive program following thebaccalauréat. A selective examination after the two additional years is taken to enter agrande école. Following theBologna Process, this full 5-year course (two years of preparatory classes plus 3 years in engineering or business school) is equivalent to a master's degree.
For their engineering programs, thegrandes écoles award an "Diplôme d'Ingénieur", similar to aMaster of Engineering degree. Thisengineer's degree, required to use the engineer title in France, is strictly protected and can only be awarded by state-accreditedgrandes écoles, via the Engineering Accreditation Commission.
Business schools that aregrandes écoles (likeHEC orESCP) offer a "Programme Grande École" or "PGE" (generally translated into English as "Master in Management", or "MiM"), which delivers astate-accredited diploma that is considerably more prestigious than a French master's degree in management delivered byuniversity schools of management (IAE) or faculties in the mainstream French university system.Grandes écoles for studying business administration are usually part of thechambers of commerce. For example,HEC is part of theParis Chamber of Commerce and is therefore semi-private.[citation needed]
Some older private institutions were created in1875, under the regime of the Free Higher Education Act of 1875. These institutions have been called Catholic universities since 1880, or formally the "Catholic Institutes". There are five of these: the Catholic universities ofLille,Lyon,Paris,Toulouse, andthe West.
These institutions provide courses in all academic fields (engineering, law, medical, economics, arts, business administration, sociology). One may join a university after a high school degree and study there for alicence (bachelor's), master's degree, or doctoral program. By law, private institutions may grant states degrees after agreeing a contract with public universities.
Germany has 83 private universities (calledPrivathochschule) and 45 church-run universities (calledkirchliche Hochschule). Similar to the state-run universities, they are subdivided intoUniversitäten (research universities),Fachhochschulen (universities of applied science) andKunst- und Musikhochschulen (art schools). Private universities in Germany need institutional accreditation by the state.
The first private university in Germany, theUkrainian Free University, was established 16 September 1950 in Munich.EBS University of Business and Law opened in 1971.Witten/Herdecke University opened in 1982 andZeppelin University in 2003. Though private universities are numerous in Germany, they represent only less than 1% of all students. Some private universities, includingHanseatic University Rostock (2007–2009) and the International University in Germany inBruchsal, have gone out of business.
Most of the church universities are run by the Protestant or Catholic churches; however, there is one Jewish university (Hochschule für Jüdische Studien) inHeidelberg.
InGreece, private universities are prohibited bythe constitution (Article 16). However, laboratories of liberal studies (Εργαστήρια ελευθέρων σπουδών,ergastiria eleftheron spoudon) operate freely in the country and based on a law from the 1930s, they are registered as private for-profit businesses and regulated by the Greek Ministry of Commerce. Their academic degrees, which are not recognised in Greece, are directly provided to students by foreign universities in theUnited Kingdom,United States of America, or other countries, usually throughfranchise or validation agreements (the franchise agreement usually being considered better). This has limited access to the laboratories, which usually teach in English, to high-income Greeks who for various reasons (usually family matters) did not want to go abroad.
In 2008, a law was introduced that forced all private institutions collaborating with foreign universities to offer programmes in the country, to register with the Greek Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs ascolleges (κολλέγια,kollegia) by August 2009. Further amendments to the framework in 2010, 2012, and 2013 (4111/2013, 4093/2012) were introduced. Today there are a series ofprivate colleges in Greece mostly inAthens andThessaloniki.
In theRepublic of Ireland, a private university (more commonly known as aprivate college) is a university that is not funded by the state, and therefore not covered by the free-fees initiative. Alluniversities,institutes of technology,colleges of education, and theNational College of Ireland and some religious institutions are publicly funded and therefore covered byfree-fees initiative. There are a few private colleges that are highly specialized such asGriffith College Dublin,Dorset College andDublin Business School. TheHigher Education Colleges Association is a representative body for private colleges in Ireland. Private colleges in Ireland can seek to have their programmes validated/accredited by theHigher Education and Training Awards Council.
Nyenrode Business University is the only private university in theNetherlands at the graduate level. The university was founded in 1946. It serves as agraduate school for business and management. Both programs are taught in English.[citation needed] Recently, Nyenrode merged with the Institute for CPA Education and both institutions share their facilities. The Nyenrode Business University also contains a campus and an active student body.
Other Dutch private universities are universities of applied sciences where one can obtain a bachelor's or master's degree but not a PhD. These includeWittenborg University, Business School Notenboom (founded in 1958)[30] and IVA Driebergen for the automotive industry with its earliest beginnings in 1930.[31]
There are 321 accredited private colleges in Poland.[32] They award bachelor's degrees, master's degrees and doctorate degrees.
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The oldest non-state-run university was theUniversidade Católica Portuguesa – UCP (Catholic University of Portugal), aCatholic private university (concordatory status) that was the first to be founded in 1967 and was officially recognized in 1971. UCP offers some well-recognized degrees and is reputed for the economics, law and business management degrees it awards at its Lisbon branch.
After theCarnation Revolution of 1974, in the 1980s and 1990s, a boom of educational private institutions was experienced in Portugal, and many private universities started to open. Most had a poor reputation and were known for making it easy for students to enter and also to get high grades. In 2007, several of those private universities, or their heirs, were investigated and faced compulsory closing (for example, the infamousIndependente University andInternacional University closings along with theModerna University scandal) or official criticism with recommendations that the state-managed investigation proposed for improving their quality and avoid termination.
In the mid-2000s, within theBologna process, a reorganization of higher education was started which included more stringent regulations for private education and expanded state policies with regard to private education quality assurance andeducational accreditation. In general, private higher education institutions were often considered to be the last resort for underachieving applicants who did not score enough points in the admission examinations to enter the main public institutions.
Nearly open-admission policies have hurt private universities' reputation and the actual quality of their alumni. Without large endowments like those received in universities of other countries – like the U.S. for many of its private universities and colleges that are attractive to the best scholars, researchers, and students – the privatehigher education institutions of Portugal, with a few exceptions, do not have either the financial support or the academic profile to reach the highest teaching and research standards of the top Portuguesepublic universities. In addition, most private universities have faced a restrictive lack of collaboration with the major enterprises which, have developed fruitful relationships with many public higher education institutions. Most Portuguese private universities specialise in a limited number of fields, most often in thesocial sciences andhumanities.
There are several private universities and independentfaculties in Serbia, mostly inBelgrade. They were founded in the 1990s and 2000s.[33]
In addition to the publicUniversities in Switzerland,Switzerland has several private universities.
InTurkey, private universities are required by the Higher Education Law (Article 3/c and Annexed Article 2) to be established and operated by foundations, which are non-profit private legal entities.[34] These institutions possess public legal personality under the same law and are classified as foundation universities (Turkish:vakıf üniversitesi) in the relevant regulations. As a result, they are commonly referred to as foundation universities rather than private universities. As of 2025, 75 foundation universities are in operation, withBilkent University, established in 1984, being the first.
There are six fully private universities in the United Kingdom: the non-profitUniversity of Buckingham,Regent's University London andRichmond American University London, and the for-profitBPP University,University of Law andArden University.[35][36][37]
All other British universities are partly publicly funded and regulated. The government regulates tuition fees, student funding, and student loans, whilst also commissioning and regulating research assessments and teaching reviews.
However, unlike in Continental European countries, the British government does not own universities' assets, and university staff are not civil servants: the status as a public body arises from accepting funding from bodies such as theOffice for Students (OfS) in England; any university can, in principle, choose to leave the publicly funded sector and the associated fee cap (although they would remain subject to OfS regulation, which applies to all higher education providers in England).[38] Since September 2012 government funding for teaching and background funding for research has been substantially reduced, with one study from that year indicating that annual government funding for teaching and research would make up just 15% of universities' income by 2015.[39]
In the UK, an institution can only use the title of "University" or "University College" if it has been granted by thePrivy Council or (in England) by theOffice for Students, under the terms of theFurther and Higher Education Act 1992 as amended by theHigher Education and Research Act 2017.[40][41]
Canada has several private universities that have been granted the power to award degrees by a provincial authority. However, the majority of degree-granting institutions in the country arepublic universities as a result of the Canadian university system and its historic reliance on government funds for support.[42] The oldest private universities in Canada operated asseminaries or as religiously affiliated institutions, although severalfor-profit and not-for-profit private universities were opened in Canada during the late 20th and early 21st centuries.[42]
InGuatemala, the only public university isUniversidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. The rest of the degree-offering institutions in the country are private, seelist of universities in Guatemala.
Mexico has private and public (government-managed) universities. Public universities are either free or require a very minimum fee, whereas private universities usually charge for an initial enrollment and monthly fees.
Private colleges and universities are generally owned by either anonprofit corporation or a for-profit corporation, and usually participate inhigher education accreditation in the United States. The oldest universities, the ninecolonial colleges were founded before the United States, with an initial focus on training men for (Protestant) Christian ministry. Seven of the nine remain private and two later became public and all developed into largely secular comprehensive universities, although several still retain their theology departments. Many private colleges and universities began with, and a good number still retain, a religious affiliation (primarily Christian). In contrast, public colleges and universities are all secular, given theseparation of church and state.
Despite the large number of private schools in the U.S. only about 20% of American college students attend private colleges;[43] the remainder primarily attend state-supported schools. Universities base their selections on academic performance as well as many secondary factors.[44] In the US, 4,648 out of 6,606 post-secondary institutions (70%) were private as of 2016–17, of which 1,823 (39%) were non-profit and 2,825 (61%) were for-profit. Among degree-granting four-year institutions, 2,095 were private out of 2,832 (74%), of which 1,581 (75%) were non-profit and 514 (25%) were for-profit.[45]
Tuition at private universities tends to be higher than atpublic universities, though many private universities offer financial aid as well.[46] For example, atWashington University in St. Louis, 45% of students receive some form of financial support from either the university or the federal government, averaging $53,423.[47]
There are currently three private universities inAustralia.Bond University was established as Australia's first private university in 1987.[48] Situated on theGold Coast, it runs three semesters per year (correlating exactly with the Northern and Southern Hemispheres' schedules), which allow students to complete a six-semester degree in two years, and an eight-semester degree (e.g., Law) in under three years.[49] TheUniversity of Notre Dame Australia, a private Catholic university based inFremantle, was established two years later in 1989, and the newest of the three,Torrens University Australia, opened inAdelaide in 2014.[50]
Even though Argentina has a robust network of free public universities it also has over thirty private universities accredited by the national Ministry of Education. All accredited private higher education institutions must be run bynonprofit organizations. Other for-profit institutions exist but cannot give out official degrees or call themselves universities.[citation needed]
Chile has 31 completely private universities and an additional 14 universities which are run by private organizations (mostly religious) but receive some state funding.[51]
Note, however, that any university which does not want funding from HEFCE can, as a private corporation, charge whatever tuition fees it likes (exactly as does, say, the University of Buckingham or BPP University College). Under existing legislation and outside of the influence of the HEFCE-funding mechanism upon universities, Government can no more control university tuition fees than it can dictate the price of socks in Marks & Spencer. Universities are not part of the State and they are not part of the public sector; Government has no reserve powers of intervention even in a failing institution.– HEFCE's powers were transferred to the OfS under theHigher Education and Research Act 2017.
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