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Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
British prince (1774–1850)
"Prince Adolphus" redirects here. For his grandson, Prince Adolphus of Teck, seeAdolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge.

Prince Adolphus
Duke of Cambridge (more)
A half-length portrait of Prince Adolphus wearing a dark blue coat with the Garter Star
Portrait byWilliam Beechey, 1808
Viceroy of theKingdom of Hanover
In office
24 October 1816 – 20 June 1837
MonarchsGeorge III
George IV
William IV
Preceded byGeneral von Bülow
Succeeded byposition abolished
Born(1774-02-24)24 February 1774
Buckingham House,London,Great Britain
Died8 July 1850(1850-07-08) (aged 76)
Cambridge House,Piccadilly,United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Burial17 July 1850
Spouse
Issue
Names
Adolphus Frederick
HouseHanover
FatherGeorge III
MotherCharlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
SignaturePrince Adolphus's signature
Military career
Allegiance
Branch
Years of active service1791–1813
RankField Marshal (active service)
CommandsHanoverian Guards
Battles / wars

Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge (Adolphus Frederick; 24 February 1774 – 8 July 1850) was the tenth child and seventh son ofKing George III of the United Kingdom andQueen Charlotte. He held the title ofDuke of Cambridge from 1801 until his death. He served asViceroy of theKingdom of Hanover successively on behalf of his elder brothers KingGeorge IV and KingWilliam IV.

Prince Adolphus marriedPrincess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel in 1818, by whom he had three children:Prince George, Duke of Cambridge,Princess Augusta of Cambridge andPrincess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge.

Early life

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Portrait of Prince Adolphus, byThomas Gainsborough,c. 1782

Prince Adolphus was born in February 1774 atBuckingham House, then known as the "Queen's House",[1] in theCity and Liberty of Westminster, now within Greater London. He was the youngest son ofKing George III andQueen Charlotte to survive childhood.

Adolphus was baptized on 24 March 1774 in the Great Council Chamber atSt James's Palace byFrederick Cornwallis,Archbishop of Canterbury. His godparents werePrince John Adolphus of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (his great-uncle, for whom theEarl of Hertford,Lord Chamberlain, stood proxy),Landgrave Charles of Hesse-Kassel (his first cousin once removed, for whom theEarl of Jersey, ExtraLord of the Bedchamber, stood proxy) andPrincess Wilhelmina of Orange (the wife of his first cousin once removed, for whom Elizabeth Howard, Dowager Countess of Effingham, formerLady of the Bedchamber to Queen Charlotte, stood proxy).[citation needed]

Adolphus was tutored at home until summer 1786, when he was sent to theUniversity of Göttingen in Germany, along with his brothersPrince Ernest (createdDuke of Cumberland in 1799) andPrince Augustus (createdDuke of Sussex in 1801).[1]

Prince Adolphus aged four, with his two younger sistersMary andSophia in 1778

Military career

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Adolphus was made honoraryColonel-in-Chief of the Hanoverian Guard Foot Regiment 1789–1803, but his military training began in 1791, when he and Prince Ernest went to Hanover to study under the supervision of the Hanoverian commander Field MarshalWilhelm von Freytag. He remained on Freytag's staff during theFlanders Campaign in 1793. His first taste of action was atFamars on 23 May. He was wounded and captured at theBattle of Hondschoote 6 September, but was quickly rescued. As a Hanoverian General-Major, he commanded a Hessian brigade under his paternal great-uncle, GeneralJohann Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn in Autumn 1794, then commanded the Hanoverian Guards during the retreat throughHolland. Remaining in Germany, he commanded a brigade of the Corps of Observation from 22 October 1796 until 12 January 1798. He was made a British Army colonel in 1794, and lieutenant general on 24 August 1798. In 1800 – whilst stationed in theElectorate of Hanover – he attended the founding of a village (part of the settlement of themoorlands north of Bremen), which was named after him: Adolphsdorf (since 1974 a component locality ofGrasberg).[2]

During theWar of the Second Coalition againstFrance (1799–1802), Adolphus traveled toBerlin in 1801, in order to prevent the impendingPrussian occupation of the Electorate.[1] France demanded it, as it was stipulated in thePeace of Basel (1795), obliging Prussia to ensure theHoly Roman Empire's neutrality in all the latter's territories north of the demarcation line at the riverMain, including Hanover. Regular Hanoverian troops, therefore, had been commandeered to join the multilateral so-called "Demarcation Army". His efforts were in vain.[1] In 1803, he was senior army commander, and replaced Wallmoden as commander on theWeser on 1 June. With the advance of French forces on one side and 24,000 Prussian soldiers on the other, the situation was hopeless. Cambridge refused to become involved in discussions of capitulation, handed over his command to Hammerstein (Ompteda claims he was forced to resign[3]), and withdrew to England. A plan to recruit additional soldiers in Hanover to be commanded by the Prince had also failed.

In 1803, Adolphus was appointed as commander-in-chief of the newly foundedKing's German Legion, and in 1813, he became field marshal.[1] George III appointed Prince Adolphus aKnight of the Garter on 2 June 1776, and created himDuke of Cambridge,Earl of Tipperary, andBaron Culloden on 24 November 1801.[1]

The Duke served as colonel-in-chief of theColdstream Regiment of Foot Guards (Coldstream Guards after 1855) from September 1805, and as colonel-in-chief of the60th (The Duke of York's Own Rifle Corps) Regiment of Foot from January 1824. After the collapse of Napoleon's empire, he was Military Governor of Hanover from 4 November 1813 – 24 October 1816, then Governor General of Hanover from 24 October 1816 – 20 June 1837 (viceroy from 22 February 1831). He was made Field Marshal 26 November 1813. While he was Viceroy, the Duke became patron of theCambridge-Dragoner, 'Cambridge Dragoons'. Regiment of theHanoverian Army. This regiment was stationed inCelle, and their barracks,Cambridge-Dragoner Kaserne, were used by theBundeswehr until 1995. The "March of theHannoversches Cambridge-Dragoner-Regiment " is part of the Bundeswehr's traditional music repertoire.

Marriage

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After the death ofPrincess Charlotte in 1817, the Duke was set the task of finding a bride for his eldest unmarried brother, the Duke of Clarence (laterWilliam IV), in the hope of securing heirs to the throne—Charlotte had been the only legitimate grandchild ofGeorge III, despite the fact that the King had twelve surviving children. After several false starts, the Duke of Clarence settled on PrincessAdelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. The way was cleared for the Duke of Cambridge to find a bride for himself.

Portrait of Augusta, Duchess of Cambridge, byWilliam Beechey, 1818

The Duke of Cambridge was married first atKassel,Hesse on 7 May and then at Buckingham Palace on 1 June 1818 to his second cousinAugusta (25 July 1797 – 6 April 1889), the third daughter ofPrince Frederick of Hesse.

Viceroy

[edit]

From 1816 to 1837, the Duke of Cambridge served asviceroy of theKingdom of Hanover on behalf of his elder brothers,George IV and laterWilliam IV.[1] When his niece succeeded to the British throne on 20 June 1837 asQueen Victoria, the 122-year union of the crowns of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended, due to Hanover being underSalic Law; the succession ofErnest Augustus asKing of Hanover saw the Duke of Cambridge's period as viceroy end, and he returned to Britain.[1]

Death

[edit]

The Duke of Cambridge died on 8 July 1850 atCambridge House,Piccadilly, London, and was buried in a specially-constructed extension toSt Anne's Church, Kew.[1][4] The Duchess was buried alongside him in 1889. Their remains were removed toSt George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1930.[5] The Prince's only son,Prince George, succeeded to his peerages.

Honours

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Foreign

Arms

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The Duke's arms were theRoyal Arms of the House of Hanover, with a three-point label of difference. The first and third points containing two hearts, and the centre point bearing a red cross. His arms were adopted by his younger daughter, Princess Mary Adelaide, and her heirs included them in their arms quartered with the arms of the Duke of Teck.

Coat of arms of Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, used from 1801 until his death.

Issue

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The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge had three children:

NameBirthDeathNotes
Prince George, Duke of Cambridge26 March 181917 March 1904married 1847,Sarah Louisa Fairbrother; had issue (this marriage was contracted in contravention of theRoyal Marriages Act and was not recognised in law).
Princess Augusta of Cambridge19 July 18224 December 1916married 1843,Friedrich Wilhelm, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; had issue
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge27 November 183327 October 1897married 1866,Francis, Duke of Teck; had issue, includingMary of Teck, laterQueen consort of theUnited Kingdom.

Ancestors

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Ancestors of Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge[12]
8.George II of Great Britain
4.Frederick, Prince of Wales
9.Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach
2.George III
10.Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
5.Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
11.Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst
1.Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
12.Adolphus Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
6.Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg
13. Princess Christiana Emilia Antonia of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
3.Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
14.Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen
7.Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen
15.Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach

Family tree

[edit]
Family tree of Dukes and Marquesses of Cambridge
King James VI and I
(1566–1625)
Elizabeth Stuart
(1596–1662)
Queen of Bohemia
King Charles I
(1600–1649)
Duke of Gloucester (4th creation) andEarl of Cambridge (5th creation), 1659
Sophia of Hanover
(1630–1714)
King Charles II
(1630–1685)
King James VII and II
(1633–1701)
Henry Stuart
(1640–1660)
Duke of Gloucester,Earl of Cambridge
Dukedom of Gloucester (4th creation) and Earl of Cambridge (5th creation) extinct, 1660
Duke of Cambridge (1st creation),Earl of Cambridge (6th creation), andBaron of Dauntsey (1st creation), 1664Duke of Cambridge (2nd creation),Earl of Cambridge (7th creation), andBaron of Dauntsey (2nd creation), 1667
King George I
(1660–1727)
Charles Stuart
(1660–1661)
styled Duke of Cambridge
James Stuart
(1663–1667)
Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Cambridge, Baron of Dauntsey
Edgar Stuart
(1667–1671)
Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Cambridge, Baron of Dauntsey
Charles Stuart
(1677)
styled Duke of Cambridge
Dukedom of Cambridge (1st creation), Earldom of Cambridge (6th creation), and Barony of Dauntsey (1st creation) extinct, 1667Dukedom of Cambridge (2nd creation), Earldom of Cambridge (7th creation), and Barony of Dauntsey (2nd creation) extinct,, 1671
Duke of Cambridge (3rd creation) andMarquess of Cambridge (1st creation), 1706
Prince George
(1683–1760)
Duke and Marquess of Cambridge
later King George II
Dukedom of Cambridge (3rd creation) and Marquessate of Cambridge (1st creation)merged with the Crown, 1727
Prince Frederick
(1707–1751)
Prince of Wales
George III
(1738-1820)
Duke of Cambridge (4th creation),Earl of Tipperary andBaron Culloden (1st creation), 1801
Prince Edward
(1767–1820)
Duke of Kent and Strathearn
Prince Adolphus
(1774–1850)
1st Duke of Cambridge, 1st Earl of Tipperary, 1st Baron Culloden
Queen Victoria
(1819–1901)
Prince George
(1819–1904)
2nd Duke of Cambridge, 2nd Earl of Tipperary, 2nd Baron Culloden
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge
(1833–1897)
Dukedom of Cambridge (4th creation), Earldom of Tipperary, and Barony Culloden (1st creation extinct, 1904
King Edward VII
(1841–1910)
Marquess of Cambridge (2nd creation),Earl of Eltham (1st creation), andViscount Northallerton, 1917
King George V
(1865–1936)
Mary of Teck
(1867–1953)
Adolphus Cambridge
(1868–1927)
Duke of Teck,1st Marquess of Cambridge, 1st Earl of Eltham, 1st Viscount Northallerton
King Edward VIII
(1894–1972)
King George VI
(1895–1952)
George Francis Hugh Cambridge
(1895–1981)
2nd Marquess of Cambridge, 2nd Earl of Eltham, 2nd Viscount Northallerton
Marquessate of Cambridge (2nd creation), Earldom of Eltham (2nd creation), Viscountcy Northallerton extinct, 1981
Queen Elizabeth II
(1926–2022)
King Charles III
(b. 1948)
Duke of Cambridge (5th creation),Earl of Strathearn (Mountbatten-Windsor line), andBaron Carrickfergus, 2011
Prince William
(b. 1982)
Prince of Wales,Duke of Cornwall,Duke of Rothesay,Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn,Earl of Chester,Baron Carrickfergus
Prince George of Wales
(b. 2013)
Heir apparent to the Dukedom of Cambridge

See also

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Further reading

[edit]

References

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  1. ^abcdefghiPrince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  2. ^Johannes Kessels, "Fast wie eine Königsfamilie: Neue Majestäten heißen alle Helmke oder Kück", in:Wümme-Zeitung; 2. Juni 2009.
  3. ^Ompteda, p. 131
  4. ^Cambridge Mausoleum
  5. ^"Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805".College of St George - Windsor Castle. Retrieved5 March 2023.
  6. ^Shaw, Wm. A. (1906)The Knights of England,I, London,p. 48
  7. ^Shaw,p. 182
  8. ^Shaw,p. 331
  9. ^Shaw,p. 447
  10. ^Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter"p. 18
  11. ^Kurhessisches Staats- und Addreß-Handbuch: auf das Jahr ... 1827. Verlag des Waisenhauses. 1827. p. 17.
  12. ^Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 5.

External links

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toPrince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge.
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
Cadet branch of theHouse of Welf
Born: 24 February 1774 Died: 8 July 1850
Court offices
Preceded by
General von Bülow
as governor, with thePrivy Council
Viceroy ofHanover
1811–1837
Office abolished
Ernest Augustus becomes resident monarch
Military offices
Preceded byColonel of theColdstream Guards
1805–1850
Succeeded by
Academic offices
Preceded byChancellor of the University of St Andrews
1811–1814
Succeeded by
Other offices
Preceded by President of theFoundling Hospital[1]
1827–1850
Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded byGrand Master of the Order of St Michael and St George
1825–1850
Succeeded by
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creationDuke of Cambridge
4th creation
1801–1850
Succeeded by
The generations indicate descent fromGeorge I, who formalised the use of the titlesprince andprincess for members of the British royal family.
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1 Not a British prince by birth, but createdPrince Consort.2 Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom.
Princes whose titles were removed and eligible people who do not use the title are shown in italics.
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  1. ^"The Foundling Hospital Pages 10-24 Survey of London: Volume 24, the Parish of St Pancras Part 4: King's Cross Neighbourhood".British History Online. LCC 1952. Retrieved10 June 2023.
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