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Thenews media ornews industry are forms ofmass media that focus on deliveringnews to thegeneral public. These sources includenews agencies,newspapers,news magazines,news channels etc.
Some of the first news circulations occurred in Renaissance Europe. These handwritten newsletters, circulated among merchants, contained news about wars, economic conditions, and social customs. Newsletters were very scarce and no two were the same as they were all hand written, until the invention of the printing press byJohannes Gutenberg in 1440. With movable type and ink, newspapers were now able to be mass produced for cheap.[1] The first printed news appeared by the late 1400s in German pamphlets, which contained content that was often highly sensationalized. The first newspaper written in English wasThe Weekly News, published in London in 1621. Several papers followed in the 1640s and 1650s. In 1690, the first American newspaper was published by Richard Pierce and Benjamin Harris in Boston. However, it did not have permission from the government to be published and was immediately suppressed.[2]
In 1729,Benjamin Franklin began writing a new form of newspaper that was more satirical and involved in civic affairs than previously seen. In 1735,John Peter Zenger was accused of seditious libel by the governor of New York,William Cosby. Zenger was found not guilty, largely in part to his attorney Andrew Hamilton. Hamilton later wrote a paper in which he argued that newspapers should be free to criticize the government as long as it was true. Later, with the ratification of the Bill of Rights in 1791, freedom of the press would be guaranteed by the First Amendment.[2]
In the 1830s, newspapers started seeking commercial success and turned toward reportage, beginning with the New York Sun in 1833. Advancements in technology made it cheaper to print newspapers and "penny papers" emerged. These issues sought out more entertaining daily news like murder and adventure, rather than politics. Penny papers attempted to reach a larger audience due to the cheap prices.[1]
By the end of the century, modern aspects of newspapers such as banner headlines, extensive use of illustrations, "funny pages," and expanded coverage of organized sporting events began to appear. Media consolidation emerged with many independent newspapers becoming part of "chains".[2]
The early 1900s saw Progressive Era journalists using a new style of investigative journalism that revealed the corrupt practices of government officials. These exposing articles became featured in many newspapers and magazines. Those who wrote them were labeled as "muckrakers." They became very influential and were a vital force in the Progressive reform movement. However, after 1912, muckraking declined. The public began to think the exposés were sensationalized, but they did make a great impact on future policies.[2]
In the early 1920s,radios became accessible and allowed large audiences to simultaneously listen to breaking news. Advertisers jumped on the opportunity to persuade the millions of captive listeners.[1]
With the introduction of the television came The Communications Act of 1934. It was an agreement between commercial television and the people of the United States that established that 1. The airways are public property. 2. Commercial broadcasters are licensed to use the airways. 3. The main condition for use will be whether the broadcaster served "the public interest, convenience, and necessity."
Television news continued to expand during the 1970s. By 1990, more than half of American homes had cable systems and nationally oriented newspapers expanded their reach. With technological advancements in the newsroom, notably the Internet, a new emphasis on computer-assisted reporting and a new blending of media forms emerged, with one reporter preparing the same story in print, online, and on camera for a newspaper's cable station.[2]
A "medium" (plural "media") is a carrier of something. Common things carried by media include information, art, or physical objects. A medium may provide transmission or storage of information, or both. The industries which produce news and entertainment content for themass media are often called "the media" (in much the same way the newspaper industry is called "thepress"). In the late 20th century it became commonplace for this usage to be construed as singular ("The media is...") rather than as the traditional plural.
"Press" is the collective designation of media vehicles that carry out journalism and other functions of informative communication, in contrast to pure propaganda or entertainment communication. The term press comes from theprinting press.
Broadcasting is the distribution ofaudio andvideosignals (programs) to a number of recipients (listeners or viewers). This group may be the public in general, or a relatively large audience within the public. Broadcasting forms a very large segment of themass media. Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting orcable, often simultaneously. By coding signals and havingdecoding equipment in homes, the latter also enablessubscription-based channels andpay-per-view services. The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called aschedule. A broadcastingorganization may broadcast several programs at the same time, through several channels (frequencies), for exampleBBC One andTwo. On the other hand, two or more organizations may share a channel and each use it during a fixed part of the day.Digital radio anddigital television may also transmitmultiplexed programming, with several channelscompressed into oneensemble.
Intelevision orbroadcast journalism, news analysts (also called newscasters or news anchors) examine, interpret, and broadcast news received from varioussources of information.Anchors present this as news, either videotaped or live, through transmissions from on-the-scene reporters (news correspondents).
News films, or "clips," can vary in length. There are some which may be as long as ten minutes and others that need to fit in all the relevant information and material in two or three minutes. News channels have also begun to host specialdocumentary films that are much longer durations and able to explore a news subject or issue in greater detail.
News stories are categorized with various formats according to the merit of the story. Such formats include AVO, AVO Byte, Pkg, VO SOT, VOX POP, and Ancho Visual.
A newspaper is a lightweight and disposablepublication (more specifically, aperiodical), usually printed on low-cost paper callednewsprint. It may be general or of special interest, and may be published daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly.
General-interest newspapers are usually journals of currentnews on a variety of topics. Those can includepolitical events,crime,business,sports, and opinions (eithereditorials,columns, orpolitical cartoons). Many also include weather news andforecasts. Newspapers increasingly use photographs to illustrate stories; they also often includecomic strips and other entertainment, such ascrosswords.
Astory is a single article,news, item orfeature, usually concerning a single event, issue,theme, or profile of a person.Correspondents report news occurring in the main, locally, from their own country, or from foreign cities where they are stationed.
Most reportersfile information or write their stories electronically from remote locations. In many cases,breaking stories are written by staff members, through information collected and submitted by other reporters who are out in the field gathering information for an event that has just occurred and needs to be broadcast instantly. Radio and television reporters often compose stories and report "live" from the scene. Some journalists also interpret the news or offer opinions and analysis to readers, viewers, or listeners. In this role, they are called commentators or columnists.
Reporters take notes and photographs or videos, either on their own, by citizens, or through aphotographer. In the second phase, they organize the material, determine the focus or emphasis (identify the peg), and write their stories. The story is thenedited by news or copy-editors (U.S. style) or sub-editors in Europe, who function from thenews desk. The headline of the story is decided by the news desk. Often, the news desk also heavily re-writes or changes the style and tone of the first draft prepared. Finally, a collection of stories that have been picked for the newspaper or magazineedition, are laid out on dummy (trial) pages, and after thechief editor has approved the content, style and language in the material, it is sent forpublishing. The writer is given abyline for the piece that is published; his or her name appears alongside the article. This process takes place according to the frequency of the publication. News can be published in a variety of formats (broadsheet,tabloid,magazine and periodical publications) as well as periods (daily, weekly, semi-weekly, fortnightly or monthly).
A newsmagazine is a usually weekly magazine featuring articles on current events. These magazines generally go more in-depth into stories than newspapers, trying to give the reader an understanding of the context surrounding important events, rather than just the facts. For example, TIME magazine is anNYC based weekly newsmagazine that is known for its in depth articles on current events, politics, science, and more. TIME, with an audience of 100 million people, has built a brand on trust and authority.[3]
Anewsreel was adocumentary film common in the first half of the 20th century, that regularly released in a public presentation place containing filmednews stories.
Created byPathé Frères ofFrance in 1908, this form of film was a staple of the typical North American,British, andCommonwealth countries (especially Canada, Australia and New Zealand). Newsreels were popular throughout Europeancinema programming schedule from thesilent era until the 1960s when television news broadcasting completely supplanted its role. Due to television news, the popularity of newsreels began to decline, and they were eventually phased out all together.
Online journalism, otherwise known asdigital journalism, is the reporting of news produced or distributed via theInternet. TheInternet has allowed the formal and informal publication of news stories. Online journalism can be published by professional writers and journalists, through mainstream media websites and outlets.[4] Or, news can be published by citizens, throughblogs,vlogs, andsocial media.[4]
By covering news, politics, weather, sports, entertainment, and vital events, the daily media shape the dominant cultural, social and political picture of society. Due to the rise of social media involvement in news, the most common news value has become entertainment in recent years.[5] Apropos of this wasRobert F. Kennedy Jr.'s 11,000-wordRolling Stonearticle apropos of the2004 United States presidential election, published June 1, 2006. By June 8, there had been no mainstream coverage of the documented allegations by President John F. Kennedy's nephew. On June 9, this sub-story was covered by aSeattle Post-Intelligencer article.[6]
Media coverage during the2008 Mumbai attacks highlighted the use ofnew media and Internet social networking tools, includingTwitter andFlickr, in spreading information about the attacks, observing that Internet coverage was often ahead of more traditional media sources. In response, traditional media outlets included such coverage in their reports.[7] However, several outlets were criticized as they did not check for the reliability and verifiability of the information.[8] Some public opinion research companies have found that a majority or plurality of people in various countries distrust the news media.[9][10]
People have a lot of options when it comes to choosing their consumption of news, and many are increasingly turning to social media. Over half of U.S. adults, 54%, get some of their news fromsocial media, according to a Pew Research Center survey from September 2024.[11] The two most popular sources are Facebook and Youtube, as 33% and 32% of users learn information from these sources, with Instagram and TikTok following close at 20% and 17%. The director of news and information research at Pew Research Center, Katerina Eva Matsa, says people aren't just looking for facts when they seek out news, but also a sense of community.[11] Social media groups and pages gives them a sense of community, and are easily accessible, right at their fingertips. Also according to Pew Research Center, Americans value the speed, novelty, format, and variety that the news on social media offers.[12] Social mediaalgorithms allow for users to see catered news and information to suit their likings and beliefs.
Thesealgorithms have introduced users to social media newsinfluencers that may resonate with them. "News influencers" have gained huge popularity in recent months, as almost 4 in 10 U.S. adults under 30, or 37%, regularly turn to them, according to another Pew Research Center study from November 2024.[13] News influencers are defined as "individuals who have a large following on social media and often post about news or political or social issues."[13] Users say they get basic facts, opinions, funny posts, and breaking news from their respective news influencers. Americans like to connect and resonate with those who agree with their opinions and beliefs, and getting news updates from your own corner of the internet is comforting and assuring to them. Some U.S. adults have also noted that news influencers have helped them better comprehend events and issues.[13]
Fake news articles are untruthful-on-purpose stories that purposely mislead the reader to think one way.[14] With the rise of new media through social media (Facebook, Youtube, etc) there has been an increase in fake news due to the ability of anyone able to share and rapidly spread information. It can be tough to decipher who to trust, and who not to.[13] On the Internet, fake news articles can appear in the same search as truthful ones. This makes it hard for others to determine between what is fact and what is opinion. Specifically, the media coverage during the 2016 United States presidential election saw numerous misleading articles for both candidates.[15]
Media integrity refers to the ability of a news media outlet to serve thepublic interest anddemocratic process, making it resilient to institutionalcorruption within the media system,[16] economy of influence, conflicting dependence andpolitical clientelism. Media integrity encompasses following qualities of a media outlet:
The concept was devised particularly for the media systems in the region ofSouth East Europe,[17] within the projectSouth East European Media Observatory, gathering organizations which are part of theSouth East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM).
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