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| President of the Philippines | |
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| Pangulo ng Pilipinas | |
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| Government of the Philippines Office of the President | |
| Style |
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| Type | Head of state Head of government Commander-in-chief |
| Member of | Cabinet National Security Council |
| Residence | Malacañang Palace |
| Seat | San Miguel,Manila,Philippines |
| Appointer | Direct popular vote or by succession fromvice presidency |
| Term length | Six years, non renewable |
| Constituting instrument | Constitution of the Philippines (1987) |
| Precursor | Governor-General Prime Minister[a] |
| Inaugural holder | Emilio Aguinaldo (official)[b] Manuel L. Quezon (official)[c] |
| Formation | January 23, 1899; 126 years ago (1899-01-23) (Republic;official)[1][b] November 15, 1935; 89 years ago (1935-11-15) (Commonwealth;official)[2][c] |
| First holder | Emilio Aguinaldo |
| Salary | ₱411,382/US$ 7,409 per month[d][3][4][5][6] |
| Website | president.gov.ph (former website) op-proper pbbm |
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 Philippines portal |
President of the Philippines (Filipino:Pangulo ng Pilipinas, sometimes referred to asPresidente ng Pilipinas) is the title of thehead of state,head of government and chief executive of thePhilippines. The president leads the executive branch of thePhilippine government and is thecommander-in-chief of theArmed Forces of the Philippines.
The president isdirectly elected by thecitizens of the Philippines and is one of only two nationally elected executive officials, the other being thevice president of the Philippines. However, four vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having been elected to the office, by virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation.[e]
Filipinos generally refer to their president aspangulo orpresidente in their local language. The president is limited to a single six-year term. According to Article VII, Section 4 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, the president "shall not be eligible for any reelection" and that, "no person who has succeeded as president and has served as such for more than four years shall be qualified for election to the same office at any time." This constitutional limitation, however, was not violated in the case ofGloria Macapagal Arroyo, although she served as president for 9 years, 5 months, and 29 days,[7] from 2001 to 2004 (three and a half years), after taking over the office of PresidentJoseph Estrada, who was ousted after the Second EDSA Revolution,[8] and from 2004 until 2010 when she served as the elected president in her own right.[9]
The current president of the Philippines isBongbong Marcos, who wassworn in on June 30, 2022, at theNational Museum of Fine Arts (formerly the Legislative Building).
The official title of the Philippine head of state and government is "President of the Philippines." The title inFilipino isPangulo (cognate ofMalaypenghulu "leader", "chieftain"). In the other majorlanguages of the Philippines such as theBisayan languages,presidente is more common when Filipinos are not actuallycode-switching with the English word. The honorific for the president is "Your Excellency" or "His/Her Excellency." During his tenure, PresidentRodrigo Duterte broke precedent by not using the honorific, opting to drop the title in all official communications, events or materials.[10][11][12]
The presidency of the Philippines, as a democratically elected office, was established with the title of "President of the Republic" in the 1899 constitution, continuing until the suppression of the independent Philippine state by the United States.[13][14] The term "President of the Republic of the Philippines" used underJapanese occupation of the Philippines distinguished the government of then-presidentJosé P. Laurel from theCommonwealthgovernment-in-exile under PresidentManuel L. Quezon.[15] The restoration of the Commonwealth in 1945 and the withdrawal of American sovereignty in 1946 restored the title of "President of the Philippines" enacted in the 1935 constitution, this time applying the title to the president of a sovereign state.[16] The 1973 constitution, though generally referring to the president as "President of the Philippines", once reused the term "President of the Republic" in Article XVII, Section 12.[17] In the text ofProclamation No. 1081 that placed the country undermartial law in September 1972, PresidentFerdinand Marcos consistently referred to himself as "President of the Philippines."[18]
Depending on the definition chosen for these terms, a number of persons could alternatively be considered the inaugural holder of the office.Andrés Bonifacio could be considered the president of the Tagalog provinces, while he was the third Supreme President (Spanish:Presidente Supremo;Filipino:Kataas-taasang Pangulo) of theKatipunan, a secret revolutionary society that started an open revolt against the Spanish colonial government in August 1896, he transformed the society into a revolutionary government with himself as "President of the Sovereign Nation/People" (Filipino:Pangulo ng Haring Bayan).[19] While the termKatipunan (and the title "Supreme President") remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as theTagalog Republic (Spanish:República Tagala; Filipino:Republika ng Katagalugan),[20][21][22] and the termharing bayan orharingbayan as an adaptation and synonym of "republic", from its Latin roots asres publica.[23] SincePresidente Supremo was shortened toSupremo in contemporary historical accounts of other people, he thus became known by that title alone in traditional Philippine historiography, which by itself was thus understood to mean "Supreme Leader"[24][25][26] in contrast to the later "Presidents". However, as noted by Filipino historianXiao Chua, Bonifacio did not refer himself asSupremo but rather asKataas-taasang Pangulo (Supreme President),Pangulo ng Kataas-taasang Kapulungan (President of the Supreme Assembly), orPangulo ng Haring Bayan (President of the Sovereign Nation/People), as evidenced by his own writings.[26]
Although the wordTagalog refers to theTagalog people, a specific ethno-linguistic group mostly in southernLuzon, Bonifacio used the term "Tagalog" in "Tagalog Republic" to denote all non-Spanish peoples of the Philippines in place ofFilipinos, which had colonial origins, referring to his concept of the Philippine nation and people as the "Sovereign Tagalog Nation/People" or more precisely "Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People" (Filipino:Haring Bayang Katagalugan), in effect a synonym of "Tagalog Republic" or more precisely "Republic of the Tagalog Nation/People".[27][28][29][30][31]
According to Filipino historianAmbeth Ocampo, including Bonifacio as a past president would imply thatMacario Sakay andMiguel Malvar should also be included, as Sakay continued Bonifacio's concept of a national Tagalog Republic, and Malvar continued thePhilippine Republic which was the culmination of several governments headed byEmilio Aguinaldo that superseded Bonifacio's, Malvar taking over after Aguinaldo's capture.[32] Nevertheless, there are still calls, including from a descendant of Bonifacio, to let Bonifacio be recognized by the current government as the first Philippine president.[20][23] In 1993, historians Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas petitioned before the National Historical Institute (now theNational Historical Commission of the Philippines) to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president but the institute turned down the petition and reasoned that Bonifacio was not even the Katipunan's firstSupremo, but ratherDeodato Arellano.[33]
In 2013, theManila City Council passed a resolution persuading the national government to declare Bonifacio as the first president of the Tagalog Republic, attributing to all natives of the archipelago of the Philippines.[33] A separate resolution was also signed in 2013 by the Philippine Historian Association urging then Philippine PresidentBenigno Aquino III to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president.[34] In the same year, representatives of thePhilippine House of Representatives passed a house resolution that sought to acknowledge Bonifacio as the first president.[33] A similar house resolution was also filed in 2016.[35]
According to Marlon Cadiz of the NHCP, the agency is waiting for a thorough and clear study containing new evidence as well as explanations of experts regarding Bonifacio's status as the first president.[33]
In March 1897, during thePhilippine Revolution against Spain,Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president of a new revolutionary government at theTejeros Convention in Tejeros,Cavite.[36] The new government was meant to replace theKatipunan.[37] It variously called itself the "Philippine Republic" (Spanish:Republica Filipina),[38] "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish:Republica de Filipinas)[39] and "Government of All Tagalogs" or "Government of the Whole Tagalog Nation/People" (Filipino:Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan).[40]
Months later, Aguinaldo was again elected president atBiak-na-Bato,Bulacan in November,[41] leading a reorganized "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish:Republica de Filipinas),[42] commonly known today as theRepublic of Biak-na-Bato.[43] Aguinaldo therefore signed thePact of Biak-na-Bato and went into exile in Hong Kong at the end of 1897.[44]
In April 1898, theSpanish–American War broke out,[45] and afterwards, theAsiatic Squadron of theUnited States Navy sailed for the Philippines.[46] At theBattle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, the American Navy decisively defeated theSpanish Navy.[47] Aguinaldo subsequently returned to the Philippines aboard a U.S. Navy vessel[48] and renewed the revolution.[49] He formed adictatorial government on May 24, 1898,[49] and issued thePhilippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898.[50] During this brief period he took the title "Dictator" and the Declaration of Independence refers to him as such.[51]
On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo transformed his dictatorial government into arevolutionary government and became known as "President" again. This form of government provided for the creation of aRevolutionary Congress that was empowered to draft a democratic constitution.[52][53] Thenew constitution, promulgated on January 20, 1899, provided for an executive power headed by a President of the Republic, both head of state and head of government, elected by the unicameral legislature and "special representatives"[54] He was elected President of the Republic in accordance with its provisions, and on January 23, 1899, thePhilippine Republic (Spanish:Republica Filipina), was inaugurated, with Aguinaldo likewise being inaugurated as President of the Republic.[55] This state is today officially considered to be the proper "first republic" and is also called theMalolos Republic,[56] after its capitalMalolos inBulacan;[57] its congress (formally "National Assembly") and constitution are commonly known as the Malolos Congress and Malolos Constitution as well.[58][59]
Like all of its predecessors and would-be successors until the 1935Commonwealth of the Philippines, theFirst Philippine Republic was short-lived[60] andnever internationally recognized,[61] and never controlled or was universally recognized by the entire area covered by the current republic, though it claimed to represent and govern the entire Philippine archipelago and all its people.[62] Control over the Philippines was transferred from Spain to the United States by theTreaty of Paris of 1898, signed in December of that year.[63] ThePhilippine–American War broke out between the United States and the Philippines over American assertions of sovereignty.[64] The Philippine state effectively ceased to exist on April 1, 1901, after he pledged allegiance to the United States following his capture by U.S. forces in March.[64]
The current government of theRepublic of the Philippines considersEmilio Aguinaldo to be the first president of the Philippines-based specifically on his presidency of theMalolos Republic, not any of his various prior governments.[65]
Miguel Malvar continued Aguinaldo's leadership of the Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902, whileMacario Sakay revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuing state of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents", and along with Bonifacio, are not recognized as presidents by the government.[66][67]
Between 1898 and 1935, American executive power in the Philippines was exercised by a succession of four militarygovernors-general and eleven civil governors-general.[68][69][70]
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In October 1935,Manuel L. Quezon was elected the first president of theCommonwealth of the Philippines, which had been established, still under United States sovereignty, under aconstitution ratified on May 14 of that year.[71] During its first five years, the president could serve for a six-year term that cannot be renewed.[72] It was later amended in 1940 to limit a president to serving no more than two four-year terms.[73][74] When the administration of President Quezon exiled to the United States after the Philippines fell to theEmpire of Japan inWorld War II, Quezon appointedChief JusticeJosé Abad Santos as his delegate, which in effect the acting president of the Commonwealth according to JusticeGeorge A. Malcolm.[75][76] Abad Santos was subsequently executed by theImperial Japanese Army on May 2, 1942.[75]
On October 14, 1943,José P. Laurel became president undera constitution imposed by theJapanese occupation.[77][78] Laurel, anassociate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines,[79] had been instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon, who withdrew toCorregidor and then to the United States to establish agovernment in exile in the United States.[80][81] On August 17, 1945, two days after the Japanese surrendered to the Allies, Laurel officially dissolved the republic.[82]
The 1935 Constitution was restored after the Japanese surrender ended World War II,[73] with Vice PresidentSergio Osmeña becoming president due to Quezon's death on August 1, 1944.[71] It remained in effect after the United States recognized the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation on July 4, 1946.[71] On the same day,Manuel A. Roxas, the last president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines,[71] also known as the Third Republic of the Philippines.[83]
A newConstitution ratified on January 17, 1973,[84] under the rule ofFerdinand Marcos introduced a parliamentary-style government.[85] Marcos instituted himself asprime minister while serving as president in 1978.[86] Marcos later appointedCésar Virata as prime minister in 1981, although, he was only a figurehead as the government control was still with Marcos.[87]
The 1973 Constitution was in effect until thePeople Power Revolution of 1986 toppled Marcos's 21-year authoritarian regime and replaced him withCorazon C. Aquino.[73] On March 25, 1986, Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, s. 1986 or the "freedom constitution" that initially replaced the 1973 Constitution.[73] This provisional constitution was done as Aquino was installed as president through revolutionary means.[88] Proclamation No. 3 abrogated many of the provisions of the then 1973 Constitution,[89] including the provisions associated with the Marcos regime,[90] which gave the president legislative powers,[91] as well as the unicameral legislature called the Batasang Pambansa[90] (literallyNational Legislature in Filipino). The proclamation retained only parts of the 1973 Constitution that were essential for a return to democratic rule, such as the bill of rights.[89][90] This constitution was superseded on February 2, 1987, by the present constitution.[73]
Both Bonifacio[92] and Aguinaldo[93] might be considered to have been an inaugural president of an insurgent government. Quezon was the inaugural president of a predecessor state to the current one,[94] while Roxas was the first president of an internationally recognized state.[71]
The government considers Aguinaldo to have been the first president of the Philippines, followed by Quezon and his successors.[65][95] Despite the differences inconstitutions and government, the line of presidents is considered to be continuous.[96] For instance, Rodrigo Duterte, is considered to be the 16th president.[97]
While the government may consider Aguinaldo as the first president, the United States claimed nominal jurisdiction over the territory of the First Republic due to the1898 Treaty of Paris which ended theSpanish–American War; the United States thus does not consider his tenure to have been legitimate.[65][50]Manuel L. Quezon is considered to be the first president by the United States when they granted independence through theTydings–McDuffie Act.[98] He is also the first to win a popular election and a nationwide election.[99]
During theSecond World War, the Philippines had two presidents heading two governments.[100] One was Quezon and the Commonwealthgovernment-in-exile inWashington, D.C.,[101][102] and the other was Manila-based Laurel heading the Japanese-sponsored Second Republic.[100] Notably, Laurel was himself instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon.[80] Laurel and Aguinaldo were not formally recognized as Philippine presidents untilDiosdado Macapagal's administration.[103][104] Their inclusion in the official list coincided with the transfer of the official date of Independence Day from July 4 (the anniversary of the Philippines' independence from the United States) to June 12 (the anniversary of the 1898 Declaration of Independence).[103]
The president of thePhilippines, being the chief executive, serves as both thehead of state andhead of government of thePhilippines.[105] The constitution vests the executive power with the president who consequently heads the government's executive branch, including theCabinet and allexecutive departments.[106] There are also government agencies that report to no specific department but are instead under theOffice of the President.[107] The president also exercises general supervision over local government units.[108]
The president hasthe power to give executive issuances, which are means to streamline the policy and programs of an administration. There are six issuances that the President may issue, as defined in the Administrative Code of 1987:[105] executive orders, administrative orders, proclamations, memorandum orders, memorandum circulars, and general or special orders.
The president has power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures after conviction by final judgment, except in cases of impeachment.[109] The president can grant amnesty with the concurrence of the majority of all the members of theCongress.[110] The president has authority to contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the country but only with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.[111]
The president has the authority to exercise the power ofeminent domain. The president also has the power to direct escheat or reversion proceedings and the power to reserve lands of the public and private domain of the government. However, there are two constitutional provisions that limit the exercise of such power: Article III, Section 9 of the Constitution provides that no person shall be deprived of his/her life, liberty, or property without due process of law and that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.[105]
With the consent of theCommission on Appointments, the president also appoints the heads of the executive departments, board of members and its leaders from any national government-related institutions, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, high-ranking officers of the armed forces, and other officials.[112] The members of theSupreme Court and lower courts are also appointed by the president, but only from the list of nominees prepared by theJudicial and Bar Council. Such appointments do not need the approval of theCommission on Appointments.[113]
As per Article VI, Section 1 of the Constitution, the power of lawmaking is vested in the bicameralCongress, which consists of theSenate and theHouse of Representatives. However, the president has some legislative power.[114] The president has the power to veto anybill passed by Congress. Article VI, Section 27 requires that every legislation passed by Congress shall be presented to the president, after which the president can either sign the bill into law within thirty days, veto the bill, or take no action within the timeframe, in which the bill will pass as if it had been signed. While Congress can override a presidential veto, it requires atwo-thirds vote of both houses. The president can also veto any particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object. By exerting their influence on Congress, the president can shape legislation and be involved in the legislative process.[115] TheState of the Nation Address also gives the president an opportunity to outline their priority legislative agenda.
Article VII, Section 2 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency:[116]
Natural-born Filipinos are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines at the time of their birth and those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority are considered natural-born Filipinos.[117]
The Constitution also provides term limits where the president is ineligible for reelection and a person who has succeeded as president and has served as such for more than four years will be ineligible to be elected for a second term. However, with the case ofJoseph Estrada whowas elected president in 1998,deposed in 2001, and againran for the presidency in 2010, the Constitution's wording where "[the] President shall not be eligible for any re-election"[118] remains unclear as his case was never brought to the Supreme Court. It remains unclear whether the term limit of no re-election applies only to the incumbent president or for any person who has been elected as president.
The president is elected by direct vote every six years, usually on the second Monday of May.[118] The latest election was held in2022.
The returns of every election for president and vice president, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to Congress, directed to the president of the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass, the president of the Senate shall open all the certificates in the presence of a joint public session of Congress not later than 30 days after election day. Congress then canvasses the votes upon determining that the polls are authentic and were done in the manner provided by law.
The person with the highest number of votes is declared the winner, but in case two or more have the highest number of votes, the president is elected by a majority of all members of Congress, with the Senate and the House of Representatives voting separately.
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The president of the Philippines usually takes the oath of office at noon of June 30 following the presidential election. Traditionally, thevice president takes the oath first, a little before noon for two reasons. First, according to protocol, no one follows the president (who is last due to his supremacy), and second, to establish a constitutionally valid successor before the president-elect accedes. DuringQuezon's inauguration, however, the vice president and legislature were sworn in after the president, to symbolize a new start.
Custom has enshrined three places as the traditional venue for the inauguration ceremony:Barasoain Church inMalolos City,Bulacan; in front of theold Legislative Building (now part of theNational Museum) in Manila; or atQuirino Grandstand, where most have been held. Some presidential have broken precedent, either due to extraordinary circumstances or In 2004,Gloria Macapagal Arroyo delivered her pre-inaugural address atQuirino Grandstand, took the oath of office inCebu City before Chief JusticeHilario Davide Jr., and the next day held the first cabinet meeting inButuan. She broke with precedent, reasoning that she wanted to celebrate her inauguration in each of the three main island groups of the Philippines:Luzon,Visayas, andMindanao. Her first inauguration also broke precedent as she was sworn in at theEDSA Shrine on January 20, 2001, during theEDSA Revolution of 2001 that removedJoseph Estrada from office.
The dress code at the modern inaugural ceremony is traditional, formal Filipino clothing, which is otherwise loosely termedFilipiniana. Ladies must wearbaro't saya (the formal wear of other indigenous groups is permissible), while men don thebarong tagalog. Non-Filipinos at the ceremony may wear their respective versions of formal dress, but foreign diplomats have often been seen donningFilipiniana as a mark of cultural respect.
The Constitution provides the following oath or affirmation for the president and vice president-elect which must be taken before they enter into office:[119]
"I, (name), do solemnly swear [or affirm], that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President [or Vice-President or Acting President] of the Philippines. Preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God." [In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted.]
— Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 5
The Filipino text of the oath used for the inaugurations ofFidel V. Ramos,Joseph Estrada,Benigno Aquino III, andBongbong Marcos reads:[120]
"Ako si (pangalan), ay taimtim kong pinanunumpaan (o pinatototohanan) na tutuparin ko nang buong katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin bilang Pangulo (o Pangalawang Pangulo o Nanunungkulang Pangulo) ng Pilipinas, pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang Konstitusyon, ipatutupad ang mga batas nito, magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao, at itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa Bansa. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos." (Kapag pagpapatotoo, ang huling pangungusap ay kakaltasin.)
— Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas, Artikulo VII, SEK. 5
As soon as the president takes the oath of office, a21-gun salute is fired to salute the new head of state, and thepresidential anthem"We Say Mabuhay" is played. The president delivers his inaugural address, and then proceeds toMalacañang Palace to climb the Grand Staircase, a ritual which symbolizes the formal possession of the palace. The president then inducts the newly formed cabinet into office in one of the state rooms.
The State of the Nation Address (SONA) is an annual event, in which the president reports on the status of the nation, normally to the resumption of a joint session of theHouse of Representatives and theSenate. This is a duty of the president as stated in Article VII, Section 23 of the 1987Constitution.[3]
The 1899 Constitution originally provided for a term of four years, with the president being eligible for re-election, but in practice, the only president elected under this constitution never served a full term.[121][64] The 1935 Constitution set the president's term at six years, without re-election.[122] In 1940, however, the 1935 Constitution was amended and the term of the president (and vice president) was shortened to four years, with a two-term limit. Under the provisions of the amended 1935 document, only presidentsManuel L. Quezon (1941) andFerdinand E. Marcos (1969) were re-elected. PresidentsSergio Osmeña (1946),Elpidio Quirino (1953),Carlos P. Garcia (1961) andDiosdado Macapagal (1965) all failed in seeking a new term. Marcos was the only president to serve three terms (1965–1969, 1969–1981, 1981–1986).[123]
On August 24, 1970, Congress enacted RA No. 6132, otherwise known as the Constitutional Convention Act, for the purpose of convening aconstitutional convention. The 320 delegates met from June 1971 until November 30, 1972, when they approved the draft of the new Charter. While in the process of drafting a new Constitution, President Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972. The draft Constitution was submitted to the Citizen's Assemblies from January 10 to 17, 1973 for ratification. On January 17, 1973, President Marcos issued Proclamation No. 1102, announcing the ratification of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. In1981, President Marcos secured a third term, defeatingAlejo Santos in an election.[124]
The 1987 Constitution restored the 1935 Constitution's original ban on presidential reelection. Under Article VII, Section 4 of the current constitution, the term of the president shall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following the day of the election and shall end at noon of the same date, six years thereafter. The incumbent president is not eligible for re-election, even if non-consecutive. Moreover, no president who serves more than four years of a presidential term is allowed to run or serve again.[3]
Under Article VII, Section 7 of the Constitution, In case the president-elect fails to qualify, the vice president-elect shall act as president until the president-elect shall have qualified.[3] If at the beginning of the term of the president, the president-elect shall have died or shall have become permanently disabled, the vice president-elect shall become president.[3] Where no president and vice president shall have been chosen or shall have qualified, or where both shall have died or become permanently disabled, the president of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the speaker of the House of Representatives, shall act as president until a president or a vice president shall have been chosen and qualified.[3]
The line of presidential succession as specified by Article VII, Section 8 of the Constitution are the vice president, Senate president and the speaker of the House of Representatives. Contrary to popular belief, theChief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines is not in the line of succession, but historically, the 1899 Constitution assigned the President of the Supreme Court of Justice as acting President of the Republic should the latter office become vacant.[125] If the offices of both the president and vice president are vacant at the same time, Congress shall within a specific period enact a law calling for a special election. However, if the presidential election is 18 months away, no special election shall be called. Anacting president may temporarily assume the duties of president.
The current presidential line of succession is:
| No. | Office | Incumbent |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Vice President | Sara Duterte |
| 2 | President of the Senate | Tito Sotto |
| 3 | Speaker of the House of Representatives | Bojie Dy |
Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures similar to the United States. TheHouse of Representatives, one of the houses of the bicameral Congress, has the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment against the president,vice president, members of theSupreme Court, members of the constitutional commissions and theombudsman.[126] When a third of its membership has endorsed the impeachment articles, it is then transmitted to theSenate of the Philippines which tries and decide, as impeachment tribunal, the impeachment case.[127] A main difference from U.S. proceedings however is that only a third of House members are required to approve the motion to impeach the president (as opposed to the majority required in the United States). In the Senate, selected members of the House of Representatives act as the prosecutors and the senators act as judges with the Senate president and chief justice of the Supreme Court jointly presiding over the proceedings. Like the United States, to convict the official in question requires that a minimum of two-thirds (i.e., 16 of 24 members) of the senate vote in favor of conviction. If an impeachment attempt is unsuccessful or the official is acquitted, no new cases can be filed against that impeachable official for at least one full year.
The Constitution enumerates the culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, and betrayal of public trust as grounds for the impeachment of the president.[128] The same also applies for the vice president, the members of the Supreme Court, the members of the constitutional commissions, and the ombudsman.
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Malacañang Palace is the official residence of the president of the Philippines, a privilege entitled to him/her under Article VII, Section 6 of the Constitution.[3] The palace is located along the north bank of thePasig River, along J.P. Laurel Street in the district ofSan Miguel, Manila. TheFilipino name is derived from theTagalog phrase "maylakán diyán" ("there is anobleman there"), and this was eventually shortened toMalakanyáng. The complex includes several mansions and office buildings built and designed in thebahay na bato andneoclassical architectural styles.
Before Malacañang Palace was designated as the official residence of the president, various establishments served as residence of the chief executive in the Philippines. The Spanish governor-general, the highest-ranking official in the Philippines during the Spanish Era, resided in thePalacio del Gobernador inside the walled city ofIntramuros. However, after anearthquake in 1863, the Palacio del Gobernador was destroyed, and the residence and office of the governor-general was transferred to Malacañang Palace. During thePhilippine Revolution, Aguinaldo resided in various places inCavite before establishingMalolos,Bulacan as capital, and he would be inaugurated as President of the First Republic here. During thePhilippine-American War, Aguinaldo successively establishednew capitals as he retreated northward in the face of invading American forces.[129] When the Americans occupied the Philippines, they also used Malacañang Palace as an official residence for their governors-general. During theJapanese occupation of the Philippines, the presidential seat and government offices were transferred to the more inland Baguio, where theMansion House was used as the official residence. Meanwhile, PresidentManuel L. Quezon of thePhilippine Commonwealthgovernment-in-exile resided in theOmni Shoreham Hotel inWashington D.C. After the restoration of independence in 1946, plans were made for the construction of the new presidential residence to replace Malacañang ina new capital city. However, the plans did not push through and the president's official residence is still Malacañang Palace in Manila.[130][131]
A secondary residence within the wider palace grounds isBahay Pangulo (transl. President's House), formerly known asBahay Pangarap (transl. House of Dreams) andBahay ng Pagbabago (transl. House of Change),[132] a smaller structure located on the south bank of thePasig River across the main palace inMalacañang Park,[133] which is itself part of thePresidential Security Group Complex.[132][134] PresidentBenigno Aquino III was the first to useBahay Pangarap as his official residence.[135][136] It was originally built in the 1930s under President Quezon as a rest house and venue for informal activities and social functions of the First Family.[132][136] The house was designed by architect Juan Arellano in the 1930s,[132][136] and underwent several renovations in the early 1960s, 2008, and 2010.[132][133][136]
The president also has several other official residences nationwide for official use.The Mansion inBaguio is the officialsummer palace of the president. The palace was originally built in 1908 to serve as the summer residence for AmericanGovernors-General, and later became the holiday home and working office for presidents when the government would temporarily visit Baguio.[137]Malacañang of the South inDavao City is the president's residence inMindanao. It was built in 2005 on state property and serves as an official residence and base of operations for presidents when visiting Davao and the surrounding provinces.Malacañang sa Sugbo inCebu City was the former official residence inthe Visayas. Originally the local office of theBureau of Customs (BOC), it was converted to a palace in 2004. It was later returned to the BOC.[138]Malacañang of the North was also an official residence of the president in theIlocos Region. The residence is currently a presidential museum.[139]
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The 250th (Presidential) Airlift Wing of thePhilippine Air Force has the mandate of providing safe and efficient air transport for the president of the Philippines and the First Family. On occasion, the wing has also been tasked to provide transportation for other members of government, visiting heads of state, and other state guests.
The majority of the fleet is fairly dated with a few exceptions it includes: 1Fokker F28, which is primarily used for the president's domestic trips and it is also called "Kalayaan One" when the president is on board, 4Bell 412 helicopters, 3Sikorsky S-76 helicopters, 1Sikorsky S-70-5 Black Hawk, a number ofBell UH-1N Twin Hueys, as well asFokker F-27Friendships. In September 2020, a newGulfstream G280 was delivered which will be used for VIP transport as well as for C2 (Command and Control) missions.[140] For trips outside of the Philippines, the Air Force employs aBombardier Global Express,Gulftsream G650ER or charters appropriate aircraft from the country's flag carrier,Philippine Airlines. Any PAL aircraft with the flight number "PR/PAL 001" and callsign "PHILIPPINE 001" is a flight operated byPhilippine Airlines to transport the president of the Philippines. The president sometimes charter private jets for domestic trips within the Philippines due to some airports in the Philippines having small runways.
BRP Ang Pangulo (BRP stands forBarkó ng Repúblika ng Pilipinas, "Ship of the Republic of the Philippines"; "Ang Pangulo" is Filipino for "the president") was commissioned by thePhilippine Navy on March 7, 1959. It was built in and by Japan during the administration of President García as part of Japanese reparations to the Philippines for World War II.[141] It is primarily used in entertaining guests of the incumbent president.
The president of the Philippines uses two black and heavily armoredMercedes-Benz W221 S600 Guard, whereas one is a decoy vehicle. In convoys, the president is escorted by thePresidential Security Group using primarilyToyota Fortuner SUVs with the combination of the following vehicles:Toyota FJ Cruiser,Toyota Fortuner,Toyota Land Cruiser,Toyota HiaceToyota Camry,Philippine National Police 400cc motorcycles,Philippine National PoliceMitsubishi Montero,Toyota Innova (Police car variant), other government-owned vehicles, and ambulances at the tail of the convoy; the number depends on the destination. The presidential cars are designated and registered a plate number of "1" or the word "PANGULO" (president). The limousine bears the flag of the Philippines and, occasionally, the presidential standard.[142]
The Office of the President has also owned various cars over the decades, including a 1937Chrysler Airflow that served as the country's very first presidential limousine forManuel L. Quezon. For regional trips, the president boards aToyota Coaster orMitsubishi Fuso Rosa or other vehicles owned bygovernment-owned and controlled corporations or government agencies. In this case, thePSG escorts the president using local police cars with an ambulance at the tail of the convoy. Former presidentBenigno Aquino III, preferred to use his personal vehicle, aToyota Land Cruiser 200 or his relative'sLexus LX 570 over the black presidential limousines after their electronic mechanisms were damaged by floodwater. Malacañang had announced its interest to acquire a new presidential limousine.[146] His successor,Rodrigo Duterte, utilized a white, bullet-proof armoredToyota Landcruiser as his official presidential vehicle.[147]
The Presidential Security Group (abbreviated PSG), is the lead agency tasked with providing security for the president, vice president, and their immediate families. They also provide protective service for visiting heads of state and diplomats.
Unlike similar groups around the world who protect other political figures, the PSG is not required to handle presidential candidates. However, former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to a small security detail from the PSG. Currently, the PSG usesToyota Fortuner SUVs as its primary security vehicles.
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After leaving office, a number of presidents held various public positions and made an effort to remain in the limelight. Among other honors, exceptFerdinand Marcos Sr, former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to seven soldiers as their security detail.[148]
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
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