| President of the European Commission | |
|---|---|
 Logo of the Commission | |
 | |
 | |
| European Commission | |
| Style | President[a] |
| Status | Head of government |
| Member of | College of Commissioners European Council |
| Reports to | European Parliament European Council |
| Seat | Berlaymont,Brussels, Belgium |
| Nominator | European Council |
| Appointer | European Parliament |
| Term length | Five years, renewable |
| Constituting instrument | Treaties of the European Union |
| Formation | 1 January 1958 |
| First holder | Walter Hallstein |
| Deputy | First Vice-President of the European Commission |
| Salary | €306,655[2] |
| Website | ec.europa.eu |
Thepresident of the European Commission, also known aspresident of the College of Commissioners is thehead of theEuropean Commission, theexecutive branch of theEuropean Union (EU). The president of the Commission leads a cabinet of commissioners, referred to as the College. The president is empowered to allocate portfolios among, reshuffle, or dismiss commissioners as necessary. The college directs the commission's civil service, sets the policy agenda and determines the legislative proposals it produces. The Commission is the only body that canpropose,[b] or draft, bills to becomeEU laws.
The Commission president also represents the EU abroad, together with theHigh Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. The post was established in 1958. Each new president is nominated by theEuropean Council and elected by the European Parliament,[c] for a five-year term.[5][6][7][8] The president of the Commission also delivers an annualState of the Union address to theEuropean Parliament.
In July 2019, theEuropean Council nominatedUrsula von der Leyen to succeedJean-Claude Juncker, and she was elected the 13th president of the European Commission by the European Parliament on 16 July.[9][10] Von der Leyen assumed office on 1 December 2019, following the approval of her nominatedCollege of Commissioners by the European Parliament,[11] and was re-elected on 18 July 2024.[12]
The present Commission was established by theTreaty of Rome in 1957; it also replaced the High Authority and the Commission ofEuratom in 1967.[13] The commission's first president wasWalter Hallstein (seeHallstein Commission) who started consolidatingEuropean law and began to impact on national legislation. National governments at first took little heed of his administration, with the president having to stamp the commission's authority early on. With the aid of theEuropean Court of Justice, the commission began to be taken more seriously.[14]
In 1965, Hallstein put forward his proposals for theCommon Agricultural Policy, which would give the Community its own financial resources while giving more power to the Commission and Parliament and removing the veto power over Agriculture in the council. These proposals led to an immediate backlash from France.[15] Hallstein knew the proposals would be contentious, and took personal charge of drafting them, over-riding theAgriculture Commissioner. However he did gain the support of Parliament through his proposals to increase its powers, and he also presented his policy to Parliament a week before he submitted them to the council. He aimed to demonstrate how he thought the Community ought to be run, in the hopes of generating a wave of pro-Europeanism big enough to get past the objections of member states. However, in this it proved that, despite its past successes, Hallstein was overconfident in his risky proposals.[16]
In reaction to Hallstein's proposals and actions, then-French presidentCharles de Gaulle, who was sceptical of the rising supranational power of the commission, accused Hallstein of acting as if he were ahead of state. France eventually withdrew its representative from the council, triggering the notorious "empty chair crisis".[15] Although this was resolved under the "Luxembourg compromise", Hallstein became the scapegoat for the crisis. The Council refused to renew his term, despite his being the most 'dynamic' leader untilJacques Delors.[16]
Hallstein's work did position the commission as a substantial power. The presidents were involved in the major political projects of the day in the 1970s, such as theEuropean Monetary Union.[17] In 1970, PresidentJean Rey secured the Community's own financial resources,[18] and in 1977, PresidentRoy Jenkins became the first Commission president to attend aG7 summit on behalf of the Community.[19]
However, owing to problems such as the1973 oil crisis and the1979 energy crisis, economic hardship reduced the priority of European integration, with only the president trying to keep the idea alive. The member states had the upper hand, and they created theEuropean Council to discuss topical problems, yet the council was unable to keep the major projects on track such as theCommon Agricultural Policy.[20] The Community entered a period ofeurosclerosis, owing to economic difficulties and disagreements on theCommunity budget, and by the time of theThorn Commission the president was unable to exert his influence to any significant extent.[21]
However, the commission began to recover under PresidentJacques Delors'Commission. He is seen as the most successful president, being credited with having given the Community a sense of direction and dynamism.[22] TheInternational Herald Tribune noted the work of Delors at the end of his second term in 1992: "Mr. Delors rescued the European Community from the doldrums. He arrived when Europessimism was at its worst. Although he was a little-known (outside France) finance minister and former MEP, he breathed life and hope into the EC and into the dispirited Brussels Commission. In his first term, from 1985 to 1988, he rallied Europe to the call of the single market, and when appointed to a second term he began urging Europeans toward the far more ambitious goals of economic, monetary and political union."[23]
But Delors not only turned the Community around, he signalled a change in the Presidency. Before he came to power, the Commission president still was a position offirst among equals; when he left office, he was the undisputed icon and leader of the Community. His tenure had produced a strong Presidency and a strong Commission as the president became more important. Following treaties cemented this change, with the president being given control over the allocation of portfolios and being able to force the resignation of Commissioners. When PresidentRomano Prodi took office with the new powers of theTreaty of Amsterdam, he was dubbed by the press as Europe's first Prime Minister.[24][25] President Delors' work had increased the powers of the Parliament, whose support he had enjoyed. However, later Commissions did not enjoy the same support, and in 1999, the European Parliament used its powers to force theSanter Commission to resign.[26]
Historically, the Council appointed the Commission president and the whole body by unanimity without input from Parliament. However, with theTreaty on European Union in 1993, the European Parliament, the body elected directly by the citizens of the European Union,[27] gained the right to be consulted on the appointment of the president and to veto the commission as a whole. Parliament decided to interpret its right to be consulted as a right to veto the president, which the Council reluctantly accepted.[28] This right of veto was formalised in theAmsterdam Treaty. TheTreaty of Nice changed the council's vote from a unanimous choice to one that merely needed aqualified majority. This meant that the weight of the Parliament in the process increased resulting in a quasi-parliamentary system where one group could be in government. This became evident when numerous candidates were put forward in 2004, and a centre-right vote won out over left-wing groups, France and Germany.[29]José Manuel Barroso, elected Commission president that year, was then forced to back down over his choice of Commissioners, owing to Parliament's threat that it would not approve his Commission.[30]
In 2009, theEuropean People's Party (EPP) endorsed Barroso as its candidate for Commission president, and the EPP subsequently retained its position as largest party in that year's election. The Socialists responded by pledging to put forward a rival candidate at future elections.[31] Once again, Barroso was forced by Parliament to make a change to his proposed Commission,[32] but eventually received assent. However, in exchange for approval, Parliament forced some concessions from Barroso in terms of Parliamentary representation at Commission and international meetings.[33] On 7 September 2010, Barroso gave the first US-styleState of the Union address to Parliament, which focused primarily on the EU's economic recovery and human rights. The speech was to be annual.[34]
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Article 17 of theTreaty on European Union, as amended by theTreaty of Lisbon, lays out the procedure for appointing the president and their team.[35] TheEuropean Council votes byreinforced qualified majority for a nominee for the post of President,taking account of the latestEuropean elections.[35] According to Article 238 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the qualified majority is in this case a 'reinforced qualified majority' since the European Council votes on a proposal not coming from theEuropean Commission or theHigh Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.[36][37][38]
This proposal is then put before Parliament which must approve or veto the appointment. If an absolute majority of MEPs support the nominee, they are elected. The president then, together with the council, puts forward their team to the Parliament to be scrutinised. The Parliament normally insists that each one of them appear before the parliamentary committee that corresponds to their prospective portfolio for a public hearing. The Parliament then votes on the commission as a whole; if approved, the European Council, acting by a qualified majority, appoints the president and their team to office.[35]
Qualified majority in the council has led to more candidates being fielded while there has been greater politicisation due to the involvement of Parliament and the change of policy direction in the EU from the creation of thesingle market to reform of it.[39] However, despite this, the choice within the Council remains largely behind closed doors. During the appointment of Santer, discussions were keptin camera ("private" from Latin "in chamber"), with the media relying on insider leaks. MEPs were angry with the process, against the spirit of consultation that the new EU treaty brought in.Pauline Green MEP, leader of theSocialist group, stated that her group thought "Parliament should refuse to condone a practice which so sullies the democratic process".[40] There were similar deals in 1999 and 2004 saw a repeat of Santer's appointment when Barroso was appointed through a series of secret meetings between leaders with no press releases on the negotiations being released.[41] This was sharply criticised by MEPs such as theALDE group leaderGraham Watson who described the procedure as a "Justus Lipsius carpet market" producing only the "lowest common denominator"; whileGreen-EFA co-leaderDaniel Cohn-Bendit asked Barroso after his first speech "If you are the best candidate, why were you not the first?"[42][43]
| State | Presidents | |
|---|---|---|
 Luxembourg | 3 | |
 France | 2 | |
 Germany | 2 | |
 Italy | 2 | |
 Belgium | 1 | |
 Netherlands | 1 | |
 Portugal | 1 | |
 United Kingdom | 1 | |
 Spain(acting) | 1 | |
The candidate selected by the Council has often been a leading national politician, but this is not a requirement. The choice of President must take into account the result of the latestParliamentary elections (for example, by choosing the candidate supported by the largestEuropean political party in particular, or at least someone from that political family – theSpitzenkandidat principle, below – but this is a convention, not an obligation).[44] That provision was not in force in the nomination in 2004, but the centre-right EPP, which won the election, pressured for a candidate from its own ranks. In the end, the EPP candidate, José Manuel Barroso, was chosen.[45] On the same basis, the EPP endorsed again Barroso for a second term during the 2009 European election campaign and, being largest again after that election, was able to secure his nomination by theEuropean Council.[46]
Further criteria seen to be influencing the choice of the Council include: which area of Europe the candidate comes from, favoured as Southern Europe in 2004; the candidate's political influence, credible yet not overpowering members; language, proficiency in French considered necessary by France; and degree of integration, their state being a member of both theeurozone and theSchengen Agreement.[47][48][49]
There has been an assumption[by whom?] that there is a rolling agreement along these lines,[citation needed] that a president from a large state is followed by a president from a small state, and one from the political left will be followed by one from the political right: Roy Jenkins (British socialist) was followed by Gaston Thorn (Luxembourgish liberal), Jacques Delors (French socialist), Jacques Santer (Luxembourgish Christian democrat), Romano Prodi (Italian left-wing Christian democrat) and José Manuel Barroso (Portuguese Christian democrat). However, despite these assumptions, these presidents have usually been chosen during political battles and coalition-building. Delors was chosen following a Franco-British disagreement overClaude Cheysson, Santer was a compromise after Britain vetoedJean-Luc Dehaene, and Prodi was backed by a coalition of thirteen states against the Franco-German preference forGuy Verhofstadt.[50]
In February 2008, President Barroso admitted that despite the president having in theory as muchlegitimacy as heads of governments, in practice it was not the case. The lowvoter turnout creates a problem for the president's legitimacy, with the lack of a "European political sphere", but analysts claim that if citizens were voting for a list of candidates for the post of President, turn out would be much higher than that seen in recent years.[51]
Under theTreaty of Lisbon theEuropean Council has to take into account the results of the latest European elections and, furthermore, the Parliament elects, rather than simply approves, the council's proposed candidate. This was taken as the parliament's cue to have its parties run with candidates for the president of the commission with the candidate of the winning party being proposed by the council.[52] This was partly put into practice in 2004 when the European Council selected a candidate from the political party which secured aplurality of votes inthat year's election. However, at that time only a minor party had run with a specific candidate: the then fourth-placedEuropean Green Party, which had the first true pan-European political party with a common campaign,[53] put forwardDaniel Cohn-Bendit and lost even its fourth place in the following election, becoming only the fifth-largest group in 2009 and diminishing its candidate's chances further.[52] However, the victorious EPP only mentioned four or five people as candidates for president.[54]
There have been plans to strengthen the European political parties[55] for them to propose candidates for future elections.[56][57] TheEuropean Liberal Democrat and Reform Party indicated, in its October 2007 congress, its intention to forward a candidate for the post as part of a common campaign but failed to do so.[58] However, the EPP selected Barroso as its candidate and, as the largest party, it was able to ensure his turn was renewed.
The Socialists, disappointed at the 2009 election, agreed to put forward a candidate for Commission President at all subsequent elections.[59] After a campaign within that party to have open primaries for said candidate,[31] the PES Congress gathering in Brussels in November 2011 decided that the PES would designate its candidate for Commission president through primaries taking place in January 2014 in each of its member parties and organisations,[60] before a ratification of the results by an Extraordinary PES Congress in February 2014.
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Thelead candidate (German:Spitzenkandidat) process is the method of linking the choice of President of the Commission to the outcome of the European Parliament elections, by having each majorEuropean Political Party (not to be confused with thePolitical groups of the European Parliament) nominating their candidate for Commission President prior to the Parliamentary elections. TheSpitzenkandidat of the largest party (or the one able to secure the support of a majority coalition) would then have a mandate to assume the Commission Presidency. This process was first run in 2014, and its legitimacy was contested by some of the members of the European Council (with the UK and Hungarian Prime Ministers voting against the nomination of the EPP's Spitzenkandidat Jean Claude Juncker (see below)).
The president is elected for a renewable five-year term starting five months after theelections to theEuropean Parliament. These were brought into alignment via theMaastricht Treaty (prior to which the commission had a four-year term of office) and the elections take place in June every five years (in years ending in 4 and 9).[61] This alignment has led to a closer relationship between the elections and the president themself with the above-mentioned proposals for political parties running with candidates.
The president and their Commission may be removed from office by avote of censure from Parliament. Parliament has never done this to date; however, the imminence of such a vote in 1999, due to allegations of financial mismanagement, led to theSanter Commission resigning on its own accord, before the Parliamentary vote.[62]
The president of the European Commission is the most powerful position in the European Union,[63] controlling the Commission which collectively has theright of initiative onUnion legislation (only on matters delegated to it by member states for collective action, as determined by the treaties) and is responsible for ensuring its enforcement.[63][64] The president controls the policy agenda of the commission for their term and in practice no policy can be proposed without the president's agreement.[63]
The role of the president is to lead the commission, and give direction to the Commission and the Union as a whole. The treaties state that "the Commission shall work under the political guidance of its president" (Article 219TEC), this is conducted through their calling and chairing of meetings of the College of Commissioners,[61] theirpersonal cabinet and the meetings of the heads of each commissioner's cabinet (the Hebdo).[63][61] The president may also force a Commissioner to resign.[61] The work of the commission as a body is based on the principle ofcabinet collective responsibility; however, in their powers they act as more than afirst among equals.[61] The role of the president is similar to that of a national prime minister chairing a cabinet.[63]
The president also has responsibility for representing the Commission in the Union and beyond. For example, they are a member of theEuropean Council and takes part in debates in Parliament and the Council of Ministers. Outside the Union they attend the meetings of theG8 to represent the Union.[61] However, in foreign affairs, the president does have to compete with several Commissioners with foreign affairs related portfolios: theHigh Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy and thepresident of the European Council.[65]
The presidential system had started to develop sinceJacques Delors and has since been cemented. However, externally they are still dependent on support from the Council and Parliament. Delors had enjoyed the Parliament's and the council's support for his whole term, during which, through treaty changes, the Parliament increased in powers and, through the accession of new member states, the Council increased in membership. The membership is now so large the president is increasingly unable to garner the support of all the states, even though the job is supposed to try to keep everyone happy. The Parliament now has more powers over the commission and can reject its proposals, although the commission has little power over Parliament, such as the ability to dissolve it to call new elections.[66]
The president's office is on the top, 13th, floor of theBerlaymont building in Brussels. The president receives their political guidance from theircabinet, the head of which acts as a political bodyguard for the president. Such factors can lead to an isolation of the president from outside events.[67] For theEuropean Civil Service the president has a very high status, due to their immense authority and symbolism within the body.[68] The president exercises further authority through thelegal service andSecretariat-General of the Commission. The former has the power to strike down proposals on legal technicalities while the latter organises meetings,agendas and minutes. The president's control over these areas gives them further political tools when directing the work of the commission. This has also increased the presidential style of the Commission president.[69]
With the reorganisation of leading EU posts under theLisbon Treaty, there was some criticism of each post's vague responsibilities. Ukrainian ambassador to the EU Andriy Veselovsky praised the framework and clarified it in his own terms: The Commission president speaks as the EU's "government" while thepresident of the European Council is a "strategist". The High Representative specialises in "bilateral relations" while theEuropean Commissioner for Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy deals in technical matters such as the free trade agreement with Ukraine. Thepresident of the European Parliament meanwhile articulates the EU's values.[70]
The MEP and author of several EU text booksRichard Corbett has suggested that, instead of every EU institution having a "president", it would have been clearer if they had been named differently, with a "Speaker" of the Parliament, a "Governor" of the Central Bank, a "Chairman" of the (ordinary) Council of Ministers, a "president" of the European Council, and a "Prime Commissioner".
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Despite the presidential style, the president has also lost ground to the larger member states as countries such as France, Italy, the UK and Germany sought to sideline its role. This has increased with the creation of the permanentpresident of the European Council.[71] There was disagreement and concern over competition between the former president of the European Council Van Rompuy and the former Commission president Barroso due to the vague language of the treaty. Some clarifications saw Van Rompuy as the "strategist" and Barroso as ahead of government. In terms of economic planning Van Rompuy saw the commission as dealing with the content of the plan and the European Council as dealing with the means and implementing it. Despite weekly breakfasts together there was a certain extent of rivalry between the two, as well as with the High Representative.[70][72][73] At international summits, both presidents represented the Union, with, in principle, the Commission president speaking on economic questions and the European Council president on political questions, although this division is often hard to maintain in practice.
Although there are concerns that this competition with the European Council president would lead to increased infighting,[74] there are provisions for combining the two offices. The European Council president may not hold a national office, such as a prime minister of a member state, but there is no such restraint on European offices. As such, the Commission president, who already sits in the European Council, could also be appointed as its president. This would allow the European Council to combine the position, with its powers, of both executive bodies into a singlepresident of the European Union.[75]
The basic monthly salary of the president is fixed at 138% of the top civil service grade[76] which, in 2013, amounted to €25,351 per month or €304,212 per year plus an allowance for a residence equal to 15% of salary as well as other allowances including for children's schooling and household expenses.[77]
The European Economic Community was established by theTreaty of Rome, presently known as the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union; a founding treaty of the union, which explains that the enumeration of presidents which ends with the present position starts with the first president of the Commission of the European Economic Community. The European Union is also the legal successor of the European Economic Community, or the European Community as it was named between 1993 and 2009. The establishment of theEuropean Union in 1993 upon the entry into force of theMaastricht Treaty (formally the Treaty on European Union) did not affect the name of the position.
Upon its entry into force in 2009, theTreaty of Lisbon renamed the Commission of the European Communities the European Commission, reflecting thede facto name as well as the fact that theEuropean Communitiespillar was abolished along with the rest of the pillar system.
Groups
| N. | Portrait | President (Born–Died) | State | Took office | Left office | Commission | Party | Group | Electoral mandate | Refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | .jpg) | Walter Hallstein (1901–1982) | West Germany | 1 January 1958 | 5 July 1967 | Hallstein | CDU | Christian Democrats | – | [78] | |
| 9 years, 185 days | |||||||||||
| 2 | .jpg) | Jean Rey (1902–1983) | Belgium | 6 July 1967 | 1 July 1970 | Rey | PLP | Liberals | – | [79] | |
| 2 years, 361 days | |||||||||||
| 3 |  | Franco Maria Malfatti (1927–1991) | Italy | 2 July 1970 | 21 March 1972 | Malfatti | DC | Christian Democrats | – | [80] | |
| 1 year, 264 days | |||||||||||
| 4 |  | Sicco Mansholt (1908–1995) | Netherlands | 22 March 1972 | 5 January 1973 | Mansholt | PvdA | Socialists | – | [81][82] | |
| 290 days | |||||||||||
| 5 |  | François-Xavier Ortoli (1925–2007) | France | 6 January 1973 | 5 January 1977 | Ortoli | UDR | Progressive Democrats | – | [83][84] | |
| 4 years | |||||||||||
| 6 | .jpg) | Roy Jenkins (1920–2003) | United Kingdom | 6 January 1977 | 5 January 1981 | Jenkins | Labour | Socialists | – | [85][86] | |
| 4 years | 1979 | ||||||||||
| 7 |  | Gaston Thorn (1928–2007) | Luxembourg | 6 January 1981 | 5 January 1985 | Thorn | DP | Liberal Democrats | [87] | ||
| 4 years | |||||||||||
| 8 | _(cropped).jpg) | Jacques Delors (1925–2023) | France | 6 January 1985 | 22 January 1995 | Delors | PS | Socialists | 1984 1989 | [88] | |
| 10 years, 17 days | |||||||||||
| 9 |  | Jacques Santer (born 1937) | Luxembourg | 23 January 1995 | 15 March 1999[d] | Santer | CSV | European People's Party | 1994 | [89] | |
| 4 years, 51 days | |||||||||||
| – | .jpg) | Manuel Marín (1949–2017) acting | Spain | 15 March 1999 | 15 September 1999 | PSOE | Socialists | [90] | |||
| 185 days | |||||||||||
| 10 | .jpg) | Romano Prodi (born 1939) | Italy | 16 September 1999 | 21 November 2004 | Prodi | Democrats | Liberal Democrats | 1999 | [91] | |
| 5 years, 66 days | |||||||||||
| 11 | .jpg) | José Manuel Barroso (born 1956) | Portugal | 22 November 2004 | 31 October 2014 | Barroso | PSD | European People's Party | 2004 2009 | [92][93] | |
| 9 years, 344 days | |||||||||||
| 12 |  | Jean-Claude Juncker (born 1954) | Luxembourg | 1 November 2014 | 30 November 2019 | Juncker | CSV | European People's Party | 2014 | [94][95] | |
| 5 years, 29 days | |||||||||||
| 13 |  | Ursula von der Leyen (born 1958) | Germany | 1 December 2019 | Incumbent | Von der Leyen I ·II | CDU | European People's Party | 2019 2024 | [96][97] | |
| 5 years, 358 days | |||||||||||
The procedure is that the governments of the member states jointly select a commission president, who is then approved by Parliament.
The Parliament must also approve the President of the European Commission
Article 17 (7). Taking into account the elections to the European Parliament and after having held the appropriate consultations, the European Council, acting by a qualified majority, shall propose to the European Parliament a candidate for President of the Commission. This candidate shall be elected by the European Parliament by a majority of its component members. If he does not obtain the required majority, the European Council, acting by a qualified majority, shall within one month propose a new candidate who shall be elected by the European Parliament following the same procedure.
The Treaty of Lisbon strengthened the role of Parliament further. Whilst previously, the nomination of a presidential candidate was merely 'approved' by Parliament (Article 214(2) TEC), Parliament now elects the candidate (Article 17(7) TEU), which places particular emphasis on the political linkage between Parliament and Commission.
"European Council proposes a candidate [...], European Parliament elects [...], a new Commission President is elected.
According to the 2009 Lisbon Treaty, the Council, acting by qualified majority vote, proposes a candidate for European Commission President to the European Parliament. The candidate is either elected by the European Parliament, or, if they fail to obtain an absolute majority, rejected, in which case the process is repeated until a candidate is elected by the Parliament.
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