| Premier of Ontario | |
|---|---|
| Premier ministre de l'Ontario | |
 | |
 | |
_(cropped).jpg) | |
| Government of Ontario | |
| Style |
|
| Status | Head of government |
| Member of | Executive Council |
| Reports to | |
| Seat | Queen's Park,Toronto |
| Appointer | Lieutenant Governor of Ontario with theconfidence of the Legislative Assembly |
| Term length | At His Majesty's pleasure contingent on the premier's ability tocommand confidence in the legislative assembly |
| Formation | July 16, 1867 (157 years ago) (1867-07-16)[1] |
| First holder | John Sandfield Macdonald |
| Deputy | Deputy Premier of Ontario |
| Salary | $208,974 (since 2008)[2] |
| Website | www |
Thepremier of Ontario (French:premier ministre de l'Ontario)[note 1] is thehead of government ofOntario. Under theWestminster system, the premier governs with theconfidence of a majority the electedLegislative Assembly; as such, the premier typically sits as amember of Provincial Parliament (MPP) and leads the largest party or a coalition of parties. Asfirst minister, the premier selects ministers to form theExecutive Council (provincial cabinet), and serves as its chair. Constitutionally, theCrown exercisesexecutive power on theadvice of the Executive Council, which is collectivelyresponsible to the legislature.
Doug Ford is the 26th and current premier of Ontario. He took office on June 29, 2018, following the2018 Ontario election where hisProgressive Conservative (PC) party won a majority of seats in theOntario Legislature.
The position of Ontario premier evolved from the role ofJoint Premier of Canada for Canada West, withJohn Sandfield Macdonald, the second-last joint premier of Canada becoming the first prime minister of the province of Ontario, a position that later was renamed to "Premier".[4][5]
J.S. Macdonald was in office from 1867 to 1871. He was elected from the provincial riding ofCornwall in thefirst general election of 1867 for the new province of Ontario. In addition to serving as the premier, he was also theprovincial attorney general.[6] The longest-serving premier in Ontario history wasOliver Mowat, in office from 1872 to 1896.
The position of premier was formerly changed to "Prime Minister of Ontario" by the government ofMitchell Hepburn after he was elected in 1934 and remained so until the government ofBill Davis formally changed the title back to premier in 1971.[7][8] However, in French as the prime minister–premier distinction does not exist, the premier is still referred to aspremier ministre (masculine) orpremière ministre (feminine). This directly translates to 'first minister' or 'prime minister' in English, with both the federal and provincialfirst ministers being styled the same way.
|
|---|
| Crown |
| Provincial legislature |
| Government |
| See also |
| Politics by province / territory |
Ontario political trends have been noted as running opposite to the trends of the federal government, with the premier and the prime minister usually coming from different types of parties.[9] For example, in the 21st century, the federal and provincial liberal parties were onlyjointly in power from 2003 to 2005 and 2015 to 2018, or approximately 5 years out of 21 years cumulatively, and there was no overlap between federal and provincial conservative parties. This trend has held strongly since approximately 1950, despite Ontario being the largest province in Canada.
Most premiers have taken office between the ages of 40 and 60. With the exception ofThomas Laird Kennedy, who was 70 when he served less than a year as an interim party leader,[10] the last premier to become premier outside of the 40-60 age range wasMitchell Hepburn, who was 38 when he became premier in 1934.[11]
Geographically, the premier has been an MPP fromToronto, theGreater Toronto Area, orOttawa since 2003. Generally however, premiers have come from communities throughout Ontario, includingEastern Ontario,[12] theLake Huron andLake Erie coasts,[13][14] theGreater Toronto Hamilton Area,[15][16] and some ridings outside of southern Ontario, such asNipissing[17] and Sault Ste. Marie.[18]
The role of premier is not defined by statute, except by reference to higher entitlement to pay under theExecutive Council Act.[19] Similarly to the federal system, the existence of a first minister is instead considered aconstitutional convention. The role is a pivotal one under the Canadian system ofresponsible government, where government is expected to be led by someone who has the confidence of the legislature.
The premier and government are accountable to the legislature. The premier and executive council can exercise authority given to it by the laws created by the legislature. The flow of authority from the legislature to the executive creates the expectation that the government's actions mustobey the law.[note 2] The premier is expected to answer for their actions or inactions to the legislature through the responsible government concept of fused branches of government, including throughquestion period. As a member of cabinet, the premier is subject to the constitutional norm ofindividual ministerial responsibility, and is therefore expected to either be a Member of Provincial Parliament, or to quickly seek election to a seat in the legislature so that they may answer questions from the legislature in debate andquestion period.
The premier is appointed by thelieutenant governor, who represents the head of state. The premier then presides over theExecutive Council, orcabinet. TheExecutive Council Act stipulates that the leader of the government party is known as the "Premier and President of the Council". Due to Ontario being a unicameralWestminster-styleparliamentary government, the premier is typically the leader of the party which has the most support in theLegislative Assembly at that time.
Members are first elected to the legislature duringgeneral elections. General elections must be conducted every four years from the date of the last election. An election may also happen if the governing partyloses the confidence of the legislature, by the defeat of a supply bill or tabling of a confidence motion. Premiers hold office by virtue of their ability tocommand the confidence of the electedLegislative Assembly. They typically sit as amember of Provincial Parliament (MPP) and lead the largest party or acoalition in the assembly. Once sworn in, the premier holds office until their resignation or is removed by the lieutenant governor after either amotion of no confidence or defeat in ageneral election.[20] The premier does not have to be serving in Provincial Parliament to be selected as premier. In practice, this is highly unlikely to occur in a majority-government situation, while it can occur in a minority-government situation if the government had been struck down by its previous partners.
The government exists independently of the legislature. While the legislature may be dissolved for an election, the executive council continues serving under thecaretaker convention, where government ceases to make major policy decisions except in response to disaster.[21] The premier has been a continuous role since 1914, when there was a one-week vacancy in the office betweenJames Whitney andWilliam Howard Hearst. In modern times, the premier serves until their successor is sworn in.[22] There are no term limits on the role of premier, the premier may continue serving as long as they retain the confidence of the legislature.
Deputy premiers may be selected by the premier and often concurrently hold other senior roles within the cabinet. However, the role of deputy premier holds no specific formal power, and does not automatically receive any powers in the case of absence or death of a premier.[23]
The premier plays multiple functions in the Ontario political system, mirroring most conventions of the federal level of Canadian government. The premier has a near absolute power to determine the structure of thecabinet, to choose ministers, and to dismiss them at will, theExecutive Council Act does not carry any restrictions on who can serve as a minister.[24][19] The premier is constrained by certain democratic norms andconstitutional conventions. For example, it expected due toindividual ministerial responsibility that each minister shall be an MPP, or shall swiftly seek a seat in the legislature by participating in aby-election.[25] It is expected that ministers are residents of the province. It is also expected that there be some level of diversity within the cabinet, on a geographic basis as much as the number of MPPs in the governing party permits.[26] A premier will generally select ministers based on many factors including diversity, rewarding past or expected loyalty, satisfying factions within their party, creating a narrative or symbolism about choices, and primarily by who they expect can competently make decisions in a politically successful manner.[27]
The premier also has large amounts of discretion over the creation, composition and dissolution of cabinet committees, except theTreasury Board, which has its existence and size established by statute.[28]
A premier is at the centre of political decision making in Ontario.Cabinet collective responsibility (otherwise known as cabinet solidarity) is a concept that outlines that if a minister has serious issues with the direction of a government or premier, they must either accept the decision without public criticism of the premier or resign. This custom gives cabinet ministers little ability to exercise power or make decisions contrary to the will of the premier if the premier has made their position known within cabinet.[29] While smaller decisions may often be made by individual ministers, a 1999 paper suggests anything representing policy reversal, large new policy, inter-departmental effects, politically sensitive or involving substantial financial expenditure will be brought to cabinet.[30] The premier exercises power of political decision making through use of theCabinet Office and the Office of the Premier. The Cabinet Office provides policy analysis and oversight over the Ontario Public Service, and the office Office of the Premier is responsible for political analysis, coordination with ministers' offices, and communications strategy.[31][32] Large political decisions are usually made with proposals and discussions at a cabinet committee or cabinet level, where frank discussions on inter-departmental effects or political considerations can take in a structured way in a highly confidential environment at the centre of government. This typically follows heavy preparatory work on the part of minister's offices and staff, as well as civil service policy analysts. This is the ultimate representation of thechallenge function, where political leaders are meant to provide direction, input, and political scrutiny on professional civil service advice.[30] Decisions made at the cabinet table may include to proceed with legislative changes, establishing a change in regulation, responding to a crisis, and allocation of scarce resources such as money, time or political capital.[30]
The premier also plays an important part in determination of regulation. Regulations are passed viaorder-in-council, which are how the government exercises many powers delegated to them under laws passed by the legislature. Orders-in-council are public once signed by the lieutenant governor, but are only signed by the lieutenant governor on the advice of the premier, which has traditionally meant being passed at cabinet. In the cases of appointments, the premier and their office can have heavy involvement in the selection of a certain subset of appointments, though reforms have led to an increased level of formality through the Public Appointment Secretariat, which in some cases provides recommendations for appointments to the premier or the minister for ministerial-level appointments.[33][34]
The premier is ultimately the face of their party in the province, and continues to play a role in partisan politics. The premier is also bound by individual ministerial responsibility, and is expected to present themselves toquestion period on an at least occasional basis.[35] They may try to shapemedia framing of government priorities, do damage control on government controversies, or draw contrasts with leaders of opposition parties.[36] The communications role has more recently expanded to encompass social media, with Premier Doug Ford launching a communications strategy of news-style direct-to-voter communications via social media.[37] The premier sets the tone for communications through all of government, with a leader typically attempting to cultivate a "brand", to varying levels of success.[36]
The premier also makes decisions on the legislative agenda in coordination with their cabinet, deciding how to use limited time in thelegislative assembly to pass desired legislation, which can have long-lasting effects even after their government is out of power. This will happen in coordination with thegovernment house leader, who conducts inter-party negotiations if needed and manages scheduling and thegovernment whip, who ensures compliance and attendance by members of the government's party when votes come up. This process is especially tenuous in aminority parliament (also known as a minority government), in which the government is not unilaterally able to pass legislation in the same way they can unilaterally pass orders-in-Council, and requires other parties to support the government's legislative agenda.[38] The premier also has a major role to play in declaring certain votes in provincial parliament as "votes of confidence", votes that will lead to the premier asking the lieutenant governor for an election if the vote fails, forcing opposition leaders to consider whether they are ready for an election. Budgets, and other funding bills are always confidence votes as are the address in reply to speech from the throne that happen at the beginning of each parliamentary session. Onsupply days, where the opposition controls the schedule, the opposition can introduce a confidence motion. However, importantly, the premier can cause any vote to be a confidence vote by declaring it so.[39]
A final function of the premier is to give advice to the lieutenant governor. Whileadvice often refers to regulation, appointments and spending, which the lieutenant governor would never refuse, there are cases in which the lieutenant governor retainsreserve powers and has some discretion in matters. The premier can advise that the lieutenant governorprorogue provincial parliament, which can be a controversial way to avoid aconfidence vote or parliamentary investigation in a minority parliament, and try to reset their image after a lower profile break.[40] In extraordinary circumstances, the lieutenant governor may refuse this advice, but in general, there is great latitude given to prime ministers in requesting prorogation.[41] The premier can advise the lieutenant governor to call anearly election, an election before the required date, a move that can help a popular governing party win an election while their popularity is high, or attempt to win a majority parliament when they currently only hold a minority.[42] This decision can be controversial in a minority government, and if a short time has passed since a recent election, and the lieutenant governor believes another leader can command confidence in parliament, they may refuse the advice of the premier, dismiss the premier, and invite the other leader to become the next premier.[41] A gracious premier who has lost an election can also provide advice to the lieutenant governor that another leader be selected as the next premier, advising that they, the current premier, cannot command confidence in the commons, instead of waiting to fail a confidence vote.[43][44]
The premier plays some role inCanadian federalism, with the power to comment about federal politics or respond to federal politics, as then-PremierKathleen Wynne did in proposing anOntario Retirement Pension Plan, which pushed the federal government into an expansion of theCanada Pension Plan. These actions can also be ineffective. PremierDoug Ford refused to participate in thecarbon price regime of Prime MinisterJustin Trudeau, but refusal to participate did not lead to any changes in the program.
In cases of changing the Canadian constitution, the premier's influence over the provincial legislature's priorities and schedule would play a large role in passing anyconstitutional amendment. Canada's constitution has an amending formula where most changes require seven provinces representing 50 per cent of Canada's population, and most other amendments require approval by all provinces. As a result of its high population, Ontario has an effective veto on any constitutional change unless Quebec supports it, which is highly unlikely due to Quebec's historical refusal to legitimize a constitutional system which does not give them a full veto over constitutional change.[45][46]
As first minister, the premier also acts as Ontario's representative to theFirst Ministers' conferences andCouncil of the Federation, meeting with other Canadian first ministers to discuss issues where inter-provincial co-operation may be required or beneficial.
The premier through cabinet or through consultation with the attorney general is finally likely to approve any intergovernmental lawsuits of the Government of Ontario against the federal government. For example, the Ontario government recently was involved in a court case regarding the constitutionality of the carbon pricing regime.[47]
The role of federalism has also evolved, with areas of provincial responsibility now having federal dollars backing them, leading to a more integrated role on whether premiers will accept the conditions attached to those dollars. Such an issue was pertinent in 2021, where Ontario is the sole province not to sign on to a vastly expanded federal financial commitment under its childcare accords.[48][49]
The premier, as well as other ministers, can hold multiple portfolios. The premier typically also holds the portfolio forintergovernmental affairs, though exceptions may exist, withDalton McGuinty having three ministers who served at different times when he himself was not, and premiersMike Harris andErnie Eves, who never elected to hold the roles during their tenure. Even while another person may hold that ministerial title, the premier is still likely to serve a major intergovernmental affairs role through their presence at first ministers conferences. This role typically has a mostly domestic role, but can also play an international one.[50]
Premiers may also choose to hold another ministry title, whether for symbolic reasons or for treating the ministry as a serious priority. WhileLeslie Frost served for a short time as the minister for the Department of Economics (functionallyMinister of Finance), a premier is unlikely to take on a more senior challenging portfolio such as finance, health or education due to their complexity and time demands. Smaller or less complex ministries are more likely to be seen, such as could be seen on the federal level with Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau taking on the federal cabinet position of Minister of Youth. In Ontario, examples of taking more junior files includeKathleen Wynne serving concurrently as Premier andMinister of Agriculture and Food for one year.Dalton McGuinty took on the role ofMinister of Research and Innovation for two years, and asMinister of Economic Development for a short time during thegreat recession of 2008. These instances are still an exception and not the rule. Since Frost's short time in his ministry, no other premier has taken on a ministerial role except for that of intergovernmental affairs. Prior to Frost, relatively few ministers took on cabinet roles, with the informality of the cabinet structure likely permitting more informal involvement in areas of interest.[30] A notable exception seems to be premierGeorge Stewart Henry, who took on the contemporarily important role ofMinister of Highways, and also served a short time as Minister of Finance.
TheCabinet Office is the ministry that directly supports the premier, serving the same function provincially as thePrivy Council Office does federally. The Cabinet Office plays a coordination role, attempting to harmonize procedures between ministries where possible, as well as monitoring key performance indicators and departmental plans.[51]
The Cabinet Office also includes administrative support for a number of committees:
The Office of the Premier is the partisan centre of government, providing political analysis, communications strategy, issues management, media monitoring and other functions for the benefit of the Premier. The office is headed by the Chief of Staff to the Premier, and will typically also have senior advisors, stakeholder relations specialists, issues management staff, policy advisors, logistical and operations staff for travel, media specialists, legislative affairs staff, and public appointments staff.[53] The size of the office is typically something the premier has wide latitude to determine and place in the provincial budget, as staff are not part of the public service, and are instead hired as partisans, and do work that is partisan in nature. Total spending in the portfolio is approximately $3 million per year and typically encompasses about 75 staff.[54][55] The office is also thecost centre for aparliamentary assistant to the premier, if the premier chooses to have one. The hiring and firing decisions within this office are generally at the discretion of the Premier, unlike the civil service.
The salary of the premier is determined by their pay as an MPP, if they hold a seat in the legislature, which is governed by theLegislative Assembly Act.[56] In addition, theExecutive Council Act establishes a premium of 79.3% above the MPP salary, 37% for their role as Premier and the remaining 42.3% if they retain the portfolio of Intergovernmental Affairs. This leads to a total of approximately $209,000.[4] Under the Legislative Assembly Act, the Premier would also be permitted to draw benefits with regard to car travel in Toronto, travel to and from home, and compensation for an apartment in Toronto if they do not already reside within 50 kilometers of the city. The Premier, like other MPPs, is not entitled to any pension based on their service.[57]
The premier, as a member of the Executive Council, is entitled to use the title "The Honourable" while in office, but is not sworn into the King'sPrivy Council for Canada, and therefore unlike federal cabinet ministers, provincial premiers are not entitled to use that honorific after they cease to serve on the Executive Council.[58]
Most premiers cease to be premier while still in their working life. As a result, premiers have many options for what to do after. In some circumstances, they may stay on as an MPP if they won their seat but no longer had the confidence of the legislative assembly.Kathleen Wynne served one full parliamentary term after her premiership. Many others turn to consulting work, work on corporate orNGO boards, or in academia. Another option is to pursue politics in another instance. Bob Rae went on to serve as a federal Liberal MP, and interim leader of theLiberal Party of Canada. Doug Ford, while a current premier, is a former Torontomayoral candidate, and some, including a CBC journalist have speculated it may be a position of interest if provincial politics are unfavourable to him, speculating to an extent they thought was worthy asking in an interview.[59]
In fact, the door to the office of the Premier of Ontario at Queen's Park itself says "Premier ministre de l'Ontario" under Doug Ford and said "Première ministre de l'Ontario" under Kathleen Wynne. '
| Crown in Ontario | .svg) | |
|---|---|---|
| Lieutenant Governor | ||
| Premier | ||
| Opposition Leader | ||
| Speaker of the Assembly | ||
| Legislature | ||
| Political parties | ||
| Elections | ||
| Current issues | ||
| Other Canadian politics | ||
