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| Glottalized | |
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| ◌ˀ |
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of theglottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization ofvowels and othersonorants is most often realized ascreaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization ofobstruent consonants usually involves complete closure of theglottis; another way to describe this phenomenon is to say that aglottal stop is made simultaneously with anotherconsonant. In certain cases, the glottal stop can even wholly replace the voiceless consonant. The term 'glottalized' is also used for ejective and implosive consonants; seeglottalic consonant for examples.
There are two other ways to represent glottalization ofsonorants in theIPA: (a) the same way asejectives, with an apostrophe; or (b) with the under-tilde for creaky voice. For example, theYapese word for "sick" with a glottalizedm could be transcribed as either[mʼaar] or[m̰aar].[citation needed] (In some typefaces, the apostrophe will occur above the m.)
Glottalization varies along three parameters, all of which are continuums. Thedegree of glottalization varies from none (modal voice,[d]) throughstiff voice ([d̬]) andcreaky voice ([d̰]) to full glottal closure (glottal reinforcement or glottal replacement, described below). Thetiming also varies, from a simultaneous single segment[d̰] to an onset or coda such as[ˀd] or[dˀ] to a sequence such as[ʔd] or[dʔ]. Full or partial closure of the glottis also allowsglottalic airstream mechanisms to operate, producingejective orimplosive consonants; implosives may themselves have modal, stiff, or creaky voice. It is not always clear from linguistic descriptions if a language has a series of light ejectives or voiceless consonants with glottal reinforcement,[1] or similarly if it has a series of light implosives or voiced consonants with glottal reinforcement.[a] The airstream parameter is only known to be relevant to obstruents, but the first two are involved with both obstruents and sonorants, including vowels.
When a phoneme is completely substituted by a glottal stop[ʔ], one speaks of glottaling or glottal replacement. This is, for instance, very common inBritish English dialects such asCockney andEstuary English dialects. In these dialects, the glottal stop is an allophone of/p/,/t/ and/k/ word-finally, and when followed by an unstressed vowel (including syllabic/l//m/ and/n/) in a post-stress syllable.[2] 'Water' can be pronounced[ˈwɔːʔə] – the glottal stop has superseded the 't' sound. Other examples include "city"[ˈsɪʔi], "bottle"[ˈbɒʔo], "Britain"[ˈbɹɪʔən], "seniority"[sɪiniˈɒɹəʔi]. Insome consonant clusters, glottal replacement of/t/ is common even among RP speakers.
Geordie English has a unique form of glottalization involving glottal reinforcement of t, k, and p, for example in "matter", "lucky", and "happy". T, k, p sounds between vowels are pronounced simultaneously with a glottal stop represented in IPA as ⟨p͡ʔ⟩, ⟨k͡ʔ⟩ and ⟨t͡ʔ⟩.[3]
Glottal replacement occurs inIndonesian, where syllable final/k/ is produced as a glottal stop. In everyGorontalic language exceptBuol andKaidipang,*k was replaced by a glottal stop, even in word-initial position, except when it followed*ŋ (*kayu →Gorontaloayu,*konuku →olu'u).[4] InHawaiian, theglottal stop isreconstructed to have come from otherProto-Polynesian consonants. The following table displays the shift/k/ →/ʔ/ as well as the shift/t/ →/k/.
Glottal replacement is not purely a feature of consonants.Yaneshaʼ has three vowel qualities (/a/,/e/, and/o/) that have phonemic contrasts between short, long, and "laryngeal" or glottalized forms. While the latter generally consists ofcreaky phonation, there is some allophony involved. In pre-final contexts, a variation occurs (especially before voiced consonants) ranging from creaky phonation throughout the vowel to a sequence of a vowel,glottal stop, and a slightly rearticulated vowel:/maˀˈnʲoʐ/ ('deer') →[maʔa̯ˈnʲoʂ].[5]
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When a phoneme is accompanied (either sequentially or simultaneously) by a[ʔ] or a[ˀ], a glottal stop modifier, then one speaks ofpre-glottalization or glottal reinforcement.
This is common in some varieties ofEnglish,RP included;/t/ and/tʃ/ are the most affected but/p/ and/k/ also regularly show pre-glottalization.[6] In the English dialects exhibiting pre-glottalization, the consonants in question are usually glottalized in the coda position: "what"[ˈwɒʔt], "fiction"[ˈfɪʔkʃən], "milkman"[ˈmɪɫʔkmən], "opera"[ˈɒʔpɹə]. To a certain extent, some varieties of English havefree variation between glottal replacement and glottal reinforcement.[2]
Glottal reinforcement is present in some varieties ofLow Saxon, most notablyTwents. It usually denotes syllable reduction, and can be heard before plosives:Dat düt et'that does it, that is the case' can in its most extreme form be reduced to[dʌʔˈdʏʔt].
Glottalization
English accents
