| Criminal procedure |
|---|
| Criminal trials and convictions |
| Rights of the accused |
| Verdict |
| Sentencing |
| Post-sentencing |
| Related areas of law |
| Portals |
|
Inlaw, atrial is a coming together ofparties to adispute, to present information (in the form ofevidence) in atribunal, a formal setting with theauthority toadjudicate claims or disputes. One form of tribunal is acourt. The tribunal, which may occur before ajudge,jury, or other designatedtrier of fact, aims to achieve a resolution to their dispute.[1]
Where the trial is held before a group of members of the community, it is called ajury trial. Where the trial is held solely before a judge, it is called abench trial.[2]Hearings beforeadministrative bodies may have many of the features of a trial before a court, but are typically not referred to as trials. Anappeal (appellate proceeding) is also generally not deemed a trial, because such proceedings are usually restricted to a review of the evidence presented before thetrial court, and do not permit the introduction of new evidence.
Acriminal trial is designed to resolve accusations brought (usually by agovernment) against a person accused of acrime. Incommon law systems, most criminaldefendants are entitled to a trial held before a jury. Because the state is attempting to use its power to deprive the accused of life, liberty, or property, the rights of the accused afforded to criminal defendants are typically broad. The rules of criminal procedure provide rules for criminal trials.
Acivil trial is generally held to settlelawsuits or civil claims—non-criminal disputes. In some countries, the government can both sue and be sued in a civil capacity. The rules ofcivil procedure provide rules for civil trials.
Althoughadministrative hearings are not ordinarily considered trials, they retain many elements found in more "formal" trial settings. When the dispute goes to a judicial setting, it is called an administrative trial, to revise the administrative hearing, depending on the jurisdiction. The types of disputes handled in these hearings are governed byadministrative law and auxiliarily by civil trial law.
Labor law (also known asemployment law) is the body of laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which address the legal rights of, and restrictions on, working people and their organizations. Collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer, and union. Individual labour law concerns employees' rights at work also through the contract for work.Employment standards are social norms (in some cases also technical standards) for the minimum socially acceptable conditions under which employees or contractors are allowed to work.Government agencies (such as the former US Employment Standards Administration) enforce labour law (legislature, regulatory, or judicial).
Incommon law systems, an adversarial or accusatory approach is used to adjudicateguilt orinnocence. The assumption is that the truth is more likely to emerge from the open contest between theprosecution and thedefense in presenting theevidence and opposing legal arguments, with ajudge acting as a neutral referee and as the arbiter of the law. In several jurisdictions in more serious cases, there is ajury to determine the facts, although some common law jurisdictions have abolished the jury trial. This polarizes the issues, with each competitor acting in its own self-interest, and so presenting the facts and interpretations of the law in a deliberately biased way.
The intention is that through a process of argument and counter-argument,examination-in-chief andcross-examination, each side will test the truthfulness, relevancy, and sufficiency of the opponent's evidence and arguments. To maintain fairness, there is apresumption of innocence, and theburden of proof lies on the prosecution. Critics of the system argue that the desire to win is more important than the search for truth. Further, the results are likely to be affected bystructural inequalities. Those defendants with resources can afford to hire the bestlawyers. Some trials are—or were—of a more summary nature, as certain questions of evidence were taken as resolved (seehandhabend and backberend).[3][4][5]
Incivil law legal systems, the responsibility for supervising the investigation by thepolice into whether a crime has been committed falls on anexamining magistrate or judge who then conducts the trial. The assumption is that the truth is more likely to emerge from an impartial and exhaustive investigation, both before and during the trial itself. The examining magistrate or judge acts as an inquisitor who directs the fact-gathering process by questioningwitnesses,interrogating the suspect, and collecting other evidence.
The lawyers who represent the interests of the state and the accused have a limited role to offer legal arguments and alternative interpretations to the facts that emerge during the process. All the interested parties are expected to cooperate in the investigation by answering the magistrate or judge's questions and, when asked, supplying all relevant evidence. The trial only takes place after all the evidence has been collected and the investigation is completed. Thus, most of the factual uncertainties will already be resolved, and the examining magistrate or judge will already have resolved that there isprima facie of guilt.
Critics argue that the examining magistrate or judge has too much power with the responsibilities of both investigating and adjudicatingon the merits of the case. Althoughlay assessors do sit as a form of jury to offer advice to the magistrate or judge at the conclusion of the trial, their role is subordinate. Further, because a professional has been in charge of all aspects of the case to the conclusion of the trial, there are fewer opportunities to appeal the conviction alleging some procedural error.[6]
A judge may cancel a trial prior to the return of a verdict; legal parlance designates this as a "mistrial". A judge may declare a mistrial due to:
Either side may submit a motion for a mistrial; on occasion, the presiding judge may declare one on a motion of their own. If a mistrial is declared, the case at hand may be retried at the discretion of the plaintiff or prosecution, as long asdouble jeopardy does not bar that party from doing so.
Some other kinds of processes for resolving conflicts are also expressed as trials. For example, theUnited States Constitution requires that, following theimpeachment of the president, a judge, or another federal officer by theHouse of Representatives, the subject of the impeachment may only be removed from office by animpeachment trial in theSenate, a practice which evolved from the British parliament's powers ofimpeachment, wherein the House of Lords would also try public officials. In earlier times, disputes were often settled through atrial by ordeal, where parties would have to endure physical suffering in order to prove their righteousness; or through atrial by combat, in which the winner of a physical fight was deemed righteous in their cause.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
