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Pratikramana (Sanskrit:प्रतिक्रमण,romanized: Pratikramaṇa; also spelledPratikraman) (lit. "introspection"), is a ritual during whichJains repent (prayaschit) for their sins and non-meritorious activities committed knowingly or inadvertently during their daily life through thought, speech or action.

Pratikramana also refers to a combition of sixavashyaks (essential rituals), beingSamayik (state of total equanimity),Chauvisantho (honoring the 24Tirthankars),Vandana – (offering salutations tosadhus (monks) andsadhvis (nuns)),Pratikramana (introspection and repentance),Kayotsarga (meditation of the soul) andPratyakhyan (renunciation).

Although frequency of repenting varies, devout Jains often practice Pratikraman at least twice a day. It is one of the 28 primary attributes (mūla guņa) of bothŚvētāmbara andDigambara monks.

Pratikramana is the combination of two words,Pra meaning "return" andatikramana meaning "violation". Literally, it means "returning fromviolations".^[1]

There are five types ofPratikramana:

1. Devasi
2. Ray
3. Pakhi
4. Chaumasi
5. Samvatsari

Devasi Pratikramana' is performed daily in the evening.

Rayi Pratikraman is performed in the early morning.

Pakhi Pratikramana is done once every fifteen days. It falls on 15th and 30th dates (sud and vad) of the Hindu calendar month.

Chaumasi Pratikramana is done once in four months on the Purnima (full moon) of the Kartik, Falgun and Aṣaṛh months of theVira Nirvana Samvat calendrical year for the sins committed during that period.

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Samvatsari Pratikraman is done once per year on the last day ofParyushana mahaparv for thesins committed during the whole year. As per holy Jain Agamas, Samvatsari Pratikaman is practiced on the 4th/5th day (sud) of Bhadarva month of the Hindu calendar.

Samvatsari Pratikraman includes all six things aŚrāvaka (householders) must do.^[2]

Jainism considers the soul, in its pure form, to have infinite perception, knowledge, and vigor, and to be non-attached. These attributes are not seen in a worldly soul because it is soiled with karmas. By following religious principles and activities, Jains believe they overcome karmas and promote liberation of the soul. There are various rituals, of which Pratikraman is the most important. During pratikraman, Jains repent for non-meritorious activities on a daily basis.^[3]

Pratikraman must be performed twice every day, or at least once every day after sunset. If that is not possible, at least on every Pakkhi (24 times in a year). If that is not possible, at least one every Chaumasi (3 times in a year). If none of the above is possible a Jainmust perform at leastSamvatsari Pratikraman (once a year).^[4]

Pratikramana is also done while performing thesāmāyika (periodic concentration). In performingsāmāyika, theśrāvaka has to stand and follow a procedure to begin asāmāyika. Later, 48 minutes after beginning asāmāyika, theśrāvaka ends thesāmāyika with a procedure.^[5][6]

Chauvisantho, also called Chaturvinshatistava, means adoration of the twenty-fourTirthankaras. While reciting it, Jains show their respect for the Tirthankaras and are reminded of how victorious theseJinas were, who overcame inner enemies like anger, ego, greed, deceit, etc. Chauvisantho encourages Jains to emulateTirthankars and strive to be like them.

This is a formal renunciation of certain activities, which stops or reduces the inflow of karmas to a great extent. This activity helps us to learn to control our desires and prepares us for a much bigger renunciation.

• Forgiveness in Jainism
• Samvatsari
• Paryushan

• Sangave, Vilas Adinath (1980),Jain Community: A Social Survey (2nd ed.), Bombay:Popular Prakashan,ISBN 978-0-317-12346-3

• Jaina.org

• Jain philosophical concepts
• Jain practices

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