The same manuscript contains three religiousalliterative poems,Cleanness,Patience andPearl,[4] which are attributed to the same unknown author.[5][6] Although the identity of the author is still disputed,J. R. R. Tolkien andE. V. Gordon writing in 1925 concluded that "his home was in the West Midlands of England; so much his language shows, and his metre, and his scenery."[7]
The first documented instance of Potteries dialect was by the prominent Staffordshire lawyer John Ward (1781–1870) and local historian Simeon Shaw[8] in their 1843 bookThe Borough of Stoke-upon-Trent. Ward recorded phonetically a conversation which he overheard inBurslem marketplace in 1810. In the passage, entitledA Burslem Dialogue, Ward provided an explanation of some of the words unique to the district: 'mewds' (moulds), 'kale' (being called upon in order, first, second....), 'heo' (she), 'shippon' (a cow-house).[9]
From the 1750s onwards theIndustrial Revolution created a high concentration of workforce in theceramic[10] and coal mining industries, working in close proximity in Stoke-on-Trent. This allowed the dialect to develop as a way of speech specific to those industries.[9]
Some observers of Potteries dialect in the 21st century fear it is dying out as a living speech, as fewer young people use it in everyday conversation. Steve Birks cites increased ease of travel, the decline of the pottery industry leading to people moving out of the area to find work, the prevalence of and exposure toReceived Pronunciation through television and radio, and the uniformity of the British education system as contributing factors in the decline of the dialect.[9]Alan Povey has predicted that his will be the last generation that speaks Potteries dialect, and that after his generation is gone the dialect will die out for good.[11]
In 2005, Historian Steve Birks pointed out that there have been unsuccessful attempts to eradicate the dialect since the 19th century. John Ward, writing in 1843, noted that the Potteries dialect was "now almost banished by the schoolmasters assiduous care". Birks writes that dialect is still used widely amongst local residents, and is toned down when speaking to visitors to the city to be intelligible to them, which shows the dialect is still present in everyday conversation. He states that there is "a growing interest in preserving, reading about and speaking dialects."[9]
The linguist Graham Pointon, a native of the Potteries, has noted the following phonological differences between RP and the modern Potteries accent.[12]
There is no phoneme/ŋ/, although[ŋ] occurs as an allophone of/n/ before/k,g/, thus,singer rhymes withfinger (so-calledng-coalescence).
The three RP vowels/ʊ,uː,ʌ/ are replaced by two, with different distributions. Thefoot-strut split is absent like most dialects in the northern half of England, with most cases of RP/ʌ/ being transcribed as/ʊ/,[13] often phonetically realised as[ɔ]. This means that pairs such asbut-bought, pun-pawn, full-fall are distinguished by length alone.[14] Some cases of/ʊ/ also use[ɔ], whereas other words (e.g. book) use a long vowel[u:]
As with most other dialects in the northern half of England, there is also notrap-bath split. The/ɑ:/ phoneme is mostly restricted to stressed word-final position (e.g.spa) and to words when an historic/l/ or/r/ has been elided (e.g.palm, farm).
H-dropping is common, and conversely any word beginning with a vowel may be emphasised with an initial[h].
The traditional dialect differs much more from RP, but (as with all dialects in England) it is now confined to older residents. The Potteries dialect descends from the West Midlands dialect of Middle English (ME), whereas modern Standard English descends from the East Midlands dialect.
ME/a/ became/ɒ/ in the West Midland area, so thatman is pronounced/mɒn/, andcannot is/kɒnə/.
ME/eː/ has diphthongised in many cases to/ei/. This has been kept distinct from ME/ai/ which has become a closer monophthongal vowel/iː/. Therefore,see is pronounced/sei/ whereassay is pronounced/siː/.
ME/iː/ has in many cases merged with ME/eː/ –wife/weif/,mice/meis/. Elsewhere it has undergone the general vowel shift to/ai/, and then simplified to/aː/ and then to/ɑː/ my wife is often called/ˈmɑːliːdi/ (= "my lady").
ME/el/ has opened to/al/: for example,tell is pronounced/tal/. In final/al/, the/l/ hasvocalized and the/a/ backed and risen to form a diphthong/ou/: therefore,ball is pronounced/bou/.[15]
The traditional dialect also preserves older second person singular forms for modal verbs, such as/kɒst/ forcan you?[15]
"Slat" meaning to throw, is from the old English "slath", moved.
"Fang" meaning catch or seize, as in "Fang 'owd of this" – "catch hold of this", is from Old English "fang, fangen". It is a cognate with the modernSwedish word "fånga", as well as theNorwegian word "fange" and the Dutch word "vangen" and German verb "fangen", which means "to catch".
"Sheed" meaning to spill liquids, most likely derived from the word "shed" in the sense of getting rid of something.
"Duck" a common term of affection towards both men and women as in "Tow rate owd duck?". "Are you all right dear?"
"Spanwanned" (agricultural) meaning the state of being stuck astride a wall whilst attempting to climb over it. Probably from the Saxon "spannan winnan", Span Woe.
"Kidda" meaning mate, friend, or to refer to a child or family member. Compare to "kiddo" which is used in parts of North America for a similar purpose.
"Bank" meaning hill; also "upbank" and "downbank" for uphill and downhill. e.g. "Tine 'Ow Bank" (Town Hall Bank), local name for Butlers Hill in Cheadle, Staffordshire Moorlands.
"Bank" also appears as in "pot bank", which is a location where pottery is produced.
"Lobby" is a local stew similar to the Liverpudlian stew scouse.
"Gancie" is a word for a jumper/sweater, it comes from the Irish for jumper, "geansaí".
"Cost tha kick a bo agen a wo an yed it til thee bost eet?" means ... Can you kick a ball against a wall and head it until it bursts?
"Mar Lady" or "Thar lady", with the emphasis on the first word, refer to one's female girlfriend, partner or spouse. The "y" in My and Thy is pronounced long as "ah", so these are rendered as "Mar Lady" and "Thar Lady".
A popular cartoon calledMay un Mar Lady, created byDave Follows, appears inThe Sentinel newspaper and is written in the Potteries dialect. A local weekly paper, the 'Cheadle & Tean Times', carries a short column by 'Sosh' remarking on local happenings as a monologue in Staffordshire dialect. PreviouslyThe Sentinel has carried other stories in the dialect, most notably the Jabez stories written by Wilfred Bloor under the pseudonym of A Scott.[16]
Alan Povey'sOwd Grandad Piggott stories which have aired on BBC Radio Stoke for a number of years, are recited in the Potteries dialect by the author.[17]
The Potteries accent is much more difficult to imitate than Cockney, Scouse, Brummie or Geordie. Few actors from outside the Potteries have managed to master it. Neither inthe 1952 film "The Card" nor in the 1976 TV series"Clayhanger", did any actor give a reasonable rendition of the accent.Ken Loach's 1971 filmThe Rank and File was set in the Potteries and attempted to use the local dialect, but many of the actors were recruited from the filmThe Big Flame which was set in Liverpool and used Scouse.Toby Jones carried off the accent near flawlessly in the award-winning filmMarvellous.[citation needed] His father, actorFreddie Jones, was born in the Potteries.
^The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt. 8th ed. Vol. B. New York, London: W. W. Norton and Co., 2006. pp. 19–21 and 160–161.ISBN0-393-92833-0
^Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Edited J.R.R. Tolkien and E.V. Gordon, revised Norman Davis, 1925. introduction, xv. ASIN B000IPU84U
^Cooper, Betty."John Ward (1781–1870)".North Staffordshire Coalfield. The Phoenix Trust, North Staffordshire Coalfield. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved26 March 2012.
