Post-Impressionism (also spelledPostimpressionism) was a predominantly Frenchart movement which developed roughly between 1886 and 1905, from the lastImpressionist exhibition to the birth ofFauvism. Post-Impressionism emerged as a reaction against Impressionists' concern for the naturalistic depiction of light and colour. Its broad emphasis on abstract qualities or symbolic content means Post-Impressionism encompassesLes Nabis,Neo-Impressionism,Symbolism,Cloisonnism, thePont-Aven School, andSynthetism, along with some later Impressionists' work. The movement's principal artists werePaul Cézanne (known as the father of Post-Impressionism),Paul Gauguin,Vincent van Gogh andGeorges Seurat.[1]
The term Post-Impressionism was first used by art criticRoger Fry in 1906.[2][3] CriticFrank Rutter in a review of theSalon d'Automne published inArt News, 15 October 1910, describedOthon Friesz as a "post-impressionist leader"; there was also an advert for the showThe Post-Impressionists of France.[4] Three weeks later, Roger Fry used the term again when he organised the 1910 exhibitionManet and the Post-Impressionists, defining it as the development of French art sinceÉdouard Manet.
Post-Impressionists extendedImpressionism while rejecting its limitations: they continued using vivid colours, sometimes usingimpasto (thick application of paint) and painting from life, but were more inclined to emphasize geometric forms, distort form for expressive effect, and use unnatural or modified colour.
The Post-Impressionists were dissatisfied with what they felt was the triviality of subject matter and the loss of structure in Impressionist paintings, though they did not agree on the way forward.Georges Seurat and his followers concerned themselves withpointillism, the systematic use of tiny dots of colour.Paul Cézanne set out to restore a sense of order and structure to painting, to "make of Impressionism something solid and durable, like the art of the museums".[5] He achieved this by reducing objects to their basic shapes while retaining the saturated colours of Impressionism. The ImpressionistCamille Pissarro experimented withNeo-Impressionist ideas between the mid-1880s and the early 1890s. Discontented with what he referred to as romantic Impressionism, he investigatedpointillism, which he called scientific Impressionism, before returning to a purerImpressionism in the last decade of his life.[6]Vincent van Gogh often used vibrant colour and conspicuous brushstrokes to convey his feelings and his state of mind.
Although they often exhibited together, Post-Impressionist artists were not in agreement concerning a cohesive movement. Yet, the abstract concerns of harmony and structural arrangement, in the work of all these artists, took precedence overnaturalism. Artists such as Seurat adopted a meticulously scientific approach to colour and composition.[7]
The term was used in 1906,[2][3] and again in 1910 byRoger Fry in the title of an exhibition of modern French painters:Manet and the Post-Impressionists, organized by Fry for theGrafton Galleries in London.[7][8] Three weeks before Fry's show, art criticFrank Rutter had put the termPost-Impressionist in print inArt News of 15 October 1910, during a review of theSalon d'Automne, where he describedOthon Friesz as a "post-impressionist leader"; there was also an advert in the journal for the showThe Post-Impressionists of France.[4]
Most of the artists in Fry's exhibition were younger than the Impressionists. Fry later explained: "For purposes of convenience, it was necessary to give these artists a name, and I chose, as being the vaguest and most non-committal, the name of Post-Impressionism. This merely stated their position in time relatively to the Impressionist movement."[9]John Rewald limited the scope to the years between 1886 and 1892 in his pioneering publication onPost-Impressionism: From Van Gogh to Gauguin (1956). Rewald considered this a continuation of his 1946 study,History of Impressionism, and pointed out that a "subsequent volume dedicated to the second half of the post-impressionist period":[10]Post-Impressionism: From Gauguin to Matisse, was to follow. This volume would extend the period covered to other artistic movements derived from Impressionism, though confined to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Rewald focused on such outstanding early Post-Impressionists active in France asvan Gogh,Gauguin,Seurat, andRedon. He explored their relationships as well as the artistic circles they frequented (or were in opposition to), including:
Synthetism: another short-lived term coined in 1889 to distinguish recent works of Gauguin and Bernard from that of more traditional Impressionists exhibiting with them at theCafé Volpini.
Pont-Aven School: implying little more than that the artists involved had been working for a while in Pont-Aven or elsewhere in Brittany.
Symbolism: a term highly welcomed by vanguard critics in 1891, when Gauguin dropped Synthetism as soon as he was acclaimed to be the leader of Symbolism in painting.
Furthermore, in his introduction to Post-Impressionism, Rewald opted for a second volume featuringToulouse-Lautrec,Henri Rousseau "le Douanier",Les Nabis andCézanne as well as theFauves, the youngPicasso and Gauguin's last trip to theSouth Seas; it was to expand the period covered at least into the first decade of the 20th century—yet this second volume remained unfinished.
Rewald wrote that "the term 'Post-Impressionism' is not a very precise one, though a very convenient one"; convenient, when the term is by definition limited to French visual arts derived from Impressionism since 1886. Rewald's approach to historical data was narrative rather than analytic, and beyond this point he believed it would be sufficient to "let the sources speak for themselves."[10]
Rival terms likeModernism orSymbolism were never as easy to handle, for they covered literature, architecture and other arts as well, and they expanded to other countries.
Modernism, thus, is now considered to be the central movement withininternational western civilization with its original roots in France, going back beyond theFrench Revolution to theAge of Enlightenment.
Symbolism, however, is considered to be a concept which emerged a century later in France, and implied an individual approach. Local national traditions as well as individual settings therefore could stand side by side, and from the very beginning a broad variety of artists practicing some kind of symbolic imagery, ranged between extreme positions:The Nabis for example united to find synthesis of tradition and brand new form, while others kept to traditional, more or less academic forms, when they were looking for fresh contents: Symbolism is therefore often linked to fantastic, esoteric, erotic and other non-realist subject matter.
To meet the recent discussion, the connotations of the term 'Post-Impressionism' were challenged again:Alan Bowness and his collaborators expanded the period covered forward to 1914 and the beginning ofWorld War I, but limited their approach widely on the 1890s to France. Other European countries are pushed back to standard connotations, and Eastern Europe is completely excluded.
So, while a split may be seen between classical 'Impressionism' and 'Post-Impressionism' in 1886, the end and the extent of 'Post-Impressionism' remains under discussion. For Bowness and his contributors as well as for Rewald, 'Cubism' was an absolutely fresh start, and so Cubism has been seen in France since the beginning, and later in England. Meanwhile, Eastern European artists, however, did not care so much for western traditions, and proceeded to manners of painting calledabstract andsuprematic—terms expanding far into the 20th century.
According to the present state of discussion,Post-Impressionism is a term best used within Rewald's definition in a strictly historical manner, concentrating on French art between 1886 and 1914, and re-considering the altered positions ofimpressionist painters likeClaude Monet,Camille Pissarro,Auguste Renoir, and others—as well as all new schools and movements at the turn of the century: fromCloisonnism toCubism. The declarations of war, in July/August 1914, indicate probably far more than the beginning of aWorld War—they signal a major break in European cultural history, too.
Along with general art history information given about "Post-Impressionism" works, there are many museums that offer additional history, information and gallery works, both online and in house, that can help viewers understand a deeper meaning of "Post-Impressionism" in terms of fine art and traditional art applications.
The Advent of Modernism: Post-impressionism and North American Art, 1900-1918 by Peter Morrin, Judith Zilczer, andWilliam C. Agee, the catalogue for an exhibition at theHigh Museum of Art, Atlanta in 1986, gave a major overview of Post-Impressionism inNorth America.
Canadian Post-Impressionism is an offshoot of Post-Impressionism.[12] In 1913, the Art Association of Montreal's Spring show included the work ofRandolph Hewton,A. Y. Jackson andJohn Lyman: it was reviewed with sharp criticism by theMontreal Daily Witness and theMontreal Daily Star.[13] Post-Impressionism was extended to include a painting by Lyman, who had studied withMatisse.[14][15] Lyman wrote in defence of the term and defined it. He referred to the British show which he described as a great exhibition of modern art.[16]
^abPeter Morrin, Judith Zilczer, William C. Agee,The Advent of Modernism. Post-Impressionism and North American Art, 1900-1918, High Museum of Art, 1986
Bowness, Alan, et alt.:Post-Impressionism. Cross-Currents in European Painting, Royal Academy of Arts & Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1979ISBN0-297-77713-0
"Post-Impressionism", Roger Fry's lecture on the closing of the "Manet and the Post-Impressionists" exhibition at the Grafton Galleries, as published inThe Fortnightly Review
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