The wordPortugal ([puɾtuˈɣal]ⓘ) derives from the combinedRoman-Celtic place namePortus Cale[15][16] (present-day'sconurbation ofPorto andVila Nova de Gaia). Porto stems from the Latin forport,portus;Cale's meaning and origin is unclear. The mainstream explanation is anethnonym derived from the Callaeci, also known as theGallaeci peoples, who occupied the north-west of theIberian Peninsula.[17] One theory proposesCale is a derivation of the Celtic word for 'port'.[18] Another is thatCala was a Celtic goddess. Some French scholars believe it may have come fromPortus Gallus, the port of the Gauls.[19]
Around 200 BC, theRomans took Iberia from theCarthaginians during theSecond Punic War. In the process they conquered Cale, renaming itPortus Cale ('Port of Cale') and incorporating it into the province ofGallaecia. During theMiddle Ages, the region around Portus Cale became known by theSuebi andVisigoths asPortucale. The namePortucale changed intoPortugale during the 7th and 8th centuries, and by the 9th century, it was used to refer to the region between the rivers Douro andMinho. By the 11th and 12th centuries,Portugale,Portugallia,Portvgallo orPortvgalliae were already referred to asPortugal.[20][21]
The region has been inhabited by humans since circa 400,000 years ago, demonstrated by the finding of a 400,000-year-oldAroeira 3Homo heidelbergensis skull discovered in theCave of Aroeira in 2014.[22] LaterNeanderthals roamed the northern Iberian peninsula and a tooth has been found at Nova da Columbeira cave inEstremadura.[23]Homo sapiens sapiens arrived in Portugal around 35,000 years ago and spread rapidly,[24] with the earliest signs ofsettlement dating to 5500 BC.[25] Pre-Celtic tribes inhabited Portugal. TheCynetes developed a written language, leavingstele, which are mainly found in the south.[26]
TheRoman Temple of Évora, one of the best preserved landmarks of Roman presence in Portugal
Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC. The Carthaginians, Rome's opponent in thePunic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies. DuringJulius Caesar's rule, almost the entire peninsula was annexed to Rome.
After defeating theVisigoths in a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 726, the land that is now Portugal became part of the Umayyad Caliphate until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence underAbd al-Rahman I with the establishment of theEmirate of Córdoba, becoming theCaliphate of Córdoba in 929, lasting until its dissolution in 1031, into 23small kingdoms.[28]
Theemirs of those kingdoms established diplomatic relations with the northern Christian kingdoms. Most of present-day Portugal fell into the hands of theTaifa of Badajoz, and in 1022 theTaifa of Seville. Those petty kingdoms were conquered by theAlmoravids in 1086, then by theAlmohads in 1147.[29]
Invasions from the North also occurred in this period, withViking incursions raiding the coast between the 9th and 11th centuries, including Lisbon.[30][31] This resulted in the establishment of smallNorse settlements in the coastline betweenDouro andMinho.[32]
TheReconquista was a period when Christians reconquered the Iberian Peninsula fromMoorish domination. An Asturian Visigothic noble namedPelagius of Asturias was elected leader in 718[33] by many of the oustedVisigoth nobles. After defeating the Moors in theBattle of Covadonga in 722, Pelagius was proclaimed king, thus founding the ChristianKingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest.[34]
At the end of the 9th century, the region of Portugal between the rivers Minho and Douro was reconquered from the Moors by nobleman and knightVímara Peres on the orders of KingAlfonso III of Asturias.[35] Finding many towns deserted, he decided to repopulate and rebuild them.[36]
After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the counties that made up theKingdom of Asturias, KingAlfonso III of Asturias knighted Vímara Peres, in 868, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known asPortucale,Portugale, and simultaneouslyPortugália.[36] With the forced abdication of Alfonso III in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms; they were reunited in 924 under the crown ofLeón.[citation needed]
Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by militarymonastic orders, continued pushing southwards against the Moors. In 1249, the Reconquista ended with the capture of theAlgarve, in the aftermath of theSiege of Faro, and the last Moorish settlements were expelled.[39][40] With minor readjustments, Portugal's territorial borders have remained the same, making it one of the oldest established countries in Europe.[41]
In 1348-49 Portugal, as with the rest of Europe, was devastated by theBlack Death.[42] In 1373, Portugal, during the reign ofFerdinand I, made analliance with England, the oldest standing alliance in the world.[43] This alliance was signed during theFernandine Wars, a series of conflicts between Portugal and Castile over the right to the throne of Castile. This alliance would be reinforced with the signing of theTreaty of Windsor in 1386.[44]
Between 1519 and 1522Ferdinand Magellan organised a Spanish expedition to theEast Indies which resulted in the firstcircumnavigation of the globe. TheTreaty of Zaragoza, signed in 1529 between Portugal and Spain, divided the Pacific Ocean between Spain and Portugal.[60]
From 1595 to 1663 theDutch-Portuguese War primarily involved Dutch companies invading Portuguesecolonies and commercial interests, resulting in the loss of Portugal's Indian sea trade monopoly.[64] On 1 December 1640,John IV of Portugal spearheaded an uprising backed by disgruntled nobles and was proclaimed king, ending 60 years of the Iberian Union under theHouse of Habsburg and the beginning of theHouse of Braganza. Following its defeat in thePortuguese Restoration War, Spainrecognized John IV as king of Portugal.[65]John V reign saw an influx of gold into the royal treasury, supplied largely by theroyal fifth and agold rush that was one of the largest movements from Europe to an American colony.[g][67]
In 1820, aconstitutionalist insurrection began inPorto which forced King John VI and his court to return to mainland Portugal in 1821.[73][74] Lisbon regained its status as the capital of Portugal when Brazil declared its independence in 1822.[75] The death of KingJohn VI in 1826 led to a crisis of royal succession. His eldest son,Pedro I of Brazil, briefly becamePedro IV of Portugal, but neither the Portuguese nor Brazilians wanted a unified monarchy.[76]
Consequently, Pedro abdicated the Portuguese crown in favour of his 7-year-old daughter,Maria da Glória. Dissatisfaction at Pedro's constitutional reforms led the "absolutist" faction of landowners and the church to proclaim his brotherMiguel king in February 1828. This led to theLiberal Wars, in which Pedro forced Miguel to abdicate and go into exile in 1834 and place his daughter on the throne as Queen Maria II of Portugal.[77]
Portugal occupies an area on theIberian Peninsula (referred to asthe continent by most Portuguese) and two archipelagos in the Atlantic Ocean:Madeira and theAzores. It lies between latitudes30° and42° N, and longitudes32° and6° W.[102]
Continental Portugal is split by its main river, theTagus, that flows from Spain and disgorges in theTagus Estuary at Lisbon, before discharging into the Atlantic. The northern landscape is mountainous towards the interior with several plateaus indented by river valleys, whereas the south[j] is characterised by rolling plains.[103]
Portugal's highest peak isMount Pico onPico Island in the Azores. The archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores are scattered within the Atlantic Ocean: the Azores straddling theMid-Atlantic Ridge on a tectonic triple junction, and Madeira along a range formed byin-platehotspot geology. These islands were formed by volcanic and seismic events. The last terrestrial volcanic eruption occurred in 1957–58 (Capelinhos) and minor earthquakes occur sporadically.[104]
Climate change in Portugal is causing rising temperatures and longer-lastingheat waves, decreases in average rainfall and increases in the number of extremely rainy days (causing droughts and floods), and rising sea levels which will threaten the country's many coastal populations.[109][110] Wildfires are quite common and a major issue in Portugal,[111] being the country with the highest percentage of burned area, on average, in the entireEuropean Union.[112][113][110]
Geographical and climatic conditions facilitate the introduction of exotic species that later turn to be invasive and destructive to the native habitats. Around 20% of the total number of extant species in continental Portugal areexotic.[118] Portugal is the 2nd country in Europe with the highest number of threatened animal and plant species.[119][120] Portugal as a whole is an important stopover for migratory bird species.[121][122]
The large mammalian species of Portugal (deer,Iberian ibex,wild boar,red fox,Iberian wolf andIberian lynx) were once widespread throughout the country, but intense hunting, habitat degradation and growing pressure from agriculture and livestock reduced population on a large scale in the 19th and early 20th century, others, such as thePortuguese ibex were even led to extinction. Today, these animals are re-expanding their native range.[123][124]
The head of state is thepresident, elected to a five-year term by direct,universal suffrage, the incumbent isMarcelo Rebelo de Sousa. Although largely a ceremonial post,[134] presidential powers include the appointment of the prime minister and other members of the government, dismissing the prime minister, dissolving the parliament,vetoing legislation[l] and declaring war.[m][135] The president has also supervisory andreserve powers and is theex officiosupreme commander of the armed forces. The president is advised on issues of importance by theCouncil of State.[136]
According toInternational IDEA’s Global State of Democracy Indices and Democracy Tracker, Portugal performs in the mid-high range on overall democratic measures, with particular strengths in political representation, including elected government and inclusive suffrage.[137][138][139]
TheAssembly of the Republic is anunicameral parliament composed of a maximum of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term.[140] The government is headed by theprime minister and includes ministers and secretaries of state, that have full executive powers;[141] the current prime minister isLuís Montenegro.[142] TheCouncil of Ministers – under the prime minister[n] and the ministers – acts as thecabinet.[143] Thecourts are organised into several levels, among the judicial, administrative and fiscal branches. Thesupreme courts are institutions of last appeal. TheConstitutional Court oversees the constitutionality of the laws.[144]
Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national, regional and local levels. The Assembly of the Republic is dominated by three political parties, theSocial Democratic Party (PSD),Chega (CH) and theSocialist Party (PS), while the PSD and PS continue to be the dominant parties in the regional parliaments and at thelocal level.[o]
Official political map of Portugal released by thePortuguese government in 2025,[152] note the lack of a marked border withOlivenza and its surrounding area
Olivenza: Under Portuguese sovereignty since 1297, the municipality of Olivença was ceded to Spain under theTreaty of Badajoz in 1801, after theWar of the Oranges. Portugal claimed it back in 1815 under theTreaty of Vienna. However, since the 19th century, it has been continuously ruled by Spain which considers the territory theirs not onlyde facto but alsode jure.[153]
Savage Islands: A small group of mostly uninhabited islets which fall under Portuguese Madeira's regional autonomous jurisdiction. Found in 1364 by Italian mariners under the service ofPrince Henry The Navigator,[154] it was first noted by Portuguese navigator Diogo Gomes de Sintra in 1438. Historically, the islands have belonged to private Portuguese owners from the 16th century on, until 1971[155] when the government purchased them and established a natural reserve area covering the whole archipelago. The islands have been claimed by Spain since 1911,[156] and the dispute has caused some periods of political tension between the two countries.[157] The main problem for Spain's attempts to claim these small islands, has been not so much their intrinsic value, but the fact that they expand Portugal'sexclusive economic zone considerably to the south, in detriment of Spain.[158] The Selvagens Islands have been tentatively added to UNESCO's world heritage list in 2017.[159]
ThePortuguese Armed Forces have three branches commanded by thePortuguese Armed Forces General Staff –Navy,Army andAir Force. They serve primarily as a self-defence force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country but can also be used in offensive missions in foreign territories.[160] In recent years, the Portuguese military have carried out severalNATO andEuropean Union missions in various territories.[p] As of 2024, the three branches numbered 23,678 military personnel.[162]Portuguese military budget in 2023 was more than $4 billion, representing 1.48% of GDP.[163]
In addition to the three branches of the armed forces, there is theNational Republican Guard, agendarmerie force comprising 23,287 personnel by 2023,[171] under the authority of both the Defence and the Interior Ministry.[172] It has provided detachments for participation in international operations in Iraq and East Timor.[173] The United States maintains a military presence with 770 troops in theLajes Air Base atTerceira Island, in the Azores.[174]
The Portuguese legal system is part of thecivil law legal system. The main laws include the Constitution (1976), thePortuguese Civil Code (1966) and thePenal Code of Portugal (1982), as amended. Other relevant laws are the Commercial Code (1888) and the Civil Procedure Code (1961). Portuguese laws were applied in the formercolonies and territories and continue to be influences for those countries. The supreme national courts are theSupreme Court of Justice and theConstitutional Court. ThePublic Ministry, headed by the Attorney General of the Republic, constitutes the independent body of public prosecutors.[175]
In 2001, Portugal became the first country in the world todecriminalize personal possession and consumption of all drugs.
In 2003, Portugal added an anti-discrimination employment law on the basis ofsexual orientation.[176] In 2004, sexual orientation was added to the Constitution as part of the protected from discrimination characteristics.[177] In 2010, Portugal became the sixth country in Europe and eighth in the world to legalisesame-sex marriage at the national level.[178]
LGBT adoption has been allowed since 2016[179] as has female same-sex couple access to medically assisted reproduction.[180] In 2017 theLaw of Gender Identity,[181] simplified the legal process ofgender and name change fortransgender people, making it easier for minors to change theirsex marker in legal documents.[182] In 2018, the right togender identity andgender expression self-determination became protected,intersex minors became protected by law from unnecessarymedical procedures "until the minor gender identity manifests" and the right of protection from discrimination on the basis ofsex characteristics became protected by the same law.[183]
Portugal has 49 correctional facilities in total run by the Ministry of Justice. They include seventeen central prisons, four special prisons, twenty-seven regional prisons, and one 'Cadeia de Apoio' (Support Detention Centre).[185] As of 1 January 2025[update], the prison population stood at 12,193 inmates, which comes to about 0.11% of the country's entire population.[186] The incarceration rate had a strong increase after 2010, with the prison population surpassing 14,000 inmates by 2013, but after that same year the incarceration rate began to steadily decline, a trend that has continued in recent years.[187][188]
The termprovinces (Portuguese:províncias) has been used throughout history to identify regions ofcontinental Portugal. Current legalsubdivisions of Portugal do not coincide with the provinces, but several provinces, in their 19th- and 20th-century versions, still correspond to culturally relevant, strongly self-identifying categories. They include:
Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed asautonomous regions; the largest units, established since 1976, are either mainland Portugal and theautonomous regions of Portugal (Azores andMadeira).[190] Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308municipalities (municípios orconcelhos). Operationally, the municipalities (and civil parishes), along with the national government, are the only legallylocal administrative units identified by the government of Portugal.[191]
Portugal's national currency is theeuro (€), which started transitioning from thePortuguese Escudo in 2000 and consolidated in 2002. Most industries, businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in theLisbon andPorto metropolitan areas, plus the areas around these two metro areas.[208]
Since the 1990s, Portugal's economic model has been based onpublic consumption andeconomic development focused on exports, privateinvestment and the development of itshigh-tech sector. Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear andcork (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer),[209] wood products and beverages, likewine andbeer.[210]
In 2001, the gross agricultural product accounted for 4% of the economy; in 2022 it was 2%.[211] According toFAO, Portugal is the top producer ofcork andcarob in the world, accounting for about 50% and 30% of world production, respectively.[212] It is the third largest exporter ofchestnuts and third largest European producer ofpulp.[213] Portugal is among the world's top ten largestolive oil producers and fourth largest exporter.[214]
Portugal is among thetop 20 most-visited countries in the world, receiving nearly 29 million foreign tourists by 2024.[219] In 2014, Portugal was electedThe Best European Country byUSA Today.[220] In 2017, Portugal was elected bothEurope's Leading Destination[221] and in 2018 and 2019,World's Leading Destination[222]
Travel andtourism is an important part of Portugal's economy. As of 2024, the tourism sector contributed 11.9% to GDP, worth €34 billion, with tourism contributing 0.3% to an annual GDP growth of 1.9%.[223]
A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered byComboios de Portugal (CP).[229]Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2,527 km (1,570 mi) of railway lines currently in service,[230] of which 1,791 km (1,113 mi) are electrified.[231]
Portugal has considerable wind and hydropower resources. In 2006, the world's then largestsolar power plant, theMoura Photovoltaic Power Station, began operating, while the world's first commercialwave power farm, theAguçadoura Wave Farm, opened in theNorte region (2008). In 2025, renewable energy resources were producing 68% of the nation's electricity.[236] Since 2021, electricity imports, mainly from Spain, have outnumbered exports by around 20% as of 2023,[237] with most of the energy coming from renewable sources.[238]
As of 31 December 2024, Portugal had a population 10,749,635, of which 52.2% was female and 47.8% male, according toStatistics Portugal.[9][239] In 2025, the median life expectancy reached 82.95 years,[240] with United Nations projecting a rise of up to 90 years or more by 2100.[241] The population historically has been relatively homogeneous, with most people adhering toCatholicism and speakingPortuguese.[citation needed]
Portugal has had afertility rate well below the replacement rate of 2.1 since the 1980s.[242] Thetotal fertility rate (TFR) as of 2024[update] was estimated at 1.36 children born per woman, one of the lowest in the world,[243][244] and considerably below the high of 5.0 in 1911.[245] Consequently, Portugal's population has been steadily ageing and was the 11th oldest in the world in 2024, with a median age of 46.4 years and the fourth highest number of citizens over 65 years, at 21.8% of the total population.[25][246] According to projections by the national statistics office, the population will fall to 7.7 million by 2080 and the population will continue to age.[247] As of 2022, 60.2% of births were to unmarried women,[248] and 24.5% of births were to foreign born women.[249]
Portuguese society displays relatively high rates of socioeconomic equality, with the country ranking 24th within the 41 countries of the EU andOECD in the 2019Social Justice Index.[250] In 2018, Portugal's parliament approved a budget plan for 2019 that included tax breaks for returning emigrants in a bid to attract back those who left during the2008 financial crisis.[251]
According to a Statistics Portugal study conducted between 2022 and 2023, around 6.4 million people aged between 18 and 74 years old identified themselves as White (84%), more than 262,000 as Mixed-race (3%), nearly 170,000 as Black (2%), 57,000 as Asian (<1%), and 47,500 asRomani (<1%)[252][253]
Historically a country ofemigration,[254] Portugal has been anet recipient of immigrants since the early 21st century.[255] As of 2024, legal resident foreigners number 1,543,697, or approximately 14% of the population;[1][256] these figures do not include more than 340,000 resident foreigners who acquiredPortuguese citizenship between 2008 and 2022—and thus constitute around 3.27% of the country's population in 2022.[257] That year, almost 21,000 foreign residents acquiredPortuguese citizenship, of which 11,170 were female and 9,674 were male.[258]
Urbanisation
Based on commuting patterns, OECD and Eurostat define eightmetropolitan areas of Portugal.[259] Only two have populations over 1 million, and since the 2013 local government reform, these are the only two which also have administrative legal status of metropolitan areas:Lisbon andPorto,[260][261] Several smaller metropolitan areas (Algarve,Aveiro,Coimbra,Minho andViseu)[261] also held this status from 2003 to 2008, when they were converted intointermunicipal communities, whose territories are roughly based on theNUTS III statistical regions.[262][261]
Portuguese is the official language of Portugal.Mirandese is also recognised as a co-official regional language in some municipalities of North-Eastern Portugal. It is part of theAstur-Leonese group of languages.[268] An estimate of between 6,000 and 7,000 Mirandese speakers has been documented for Portugal.[269] Furthermore, a particular dialect known asBarranquenho, spoken inBarrancos, is also officially recognised and protected in Portugal since 2021.[270]Minderico, asociolect of the Portuguese language, is spoken by around 500 people in the town ofMinde.[271]
According to theInternational English Proficiency Index, Portugal has a high proficiency level in English, higher than those of other Romance-speaking European countries like France, Italy or Spain.[272]
The educational system is divided into preschool (for those under age six), basic education (nine years, in three stages, compulsory), secondary education (three years, compulsory since 2010), and higher education (subdivided in university andpolytechnic education). Universities are usually organised intofaculties. Institutes and schools are also common designations for autonomous subdivisions ofPortuguese higher education institutions.[273]
TheBologna process has been adopted by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes in 2006. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system ofnumerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old),international students, foreign students from theLusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (academic transfer), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department.[276]
In 2025, Portugal ranked as 23rd best healthcare system in the world.[278] The health system is characterised by three coexisting systems: the National Health Service (Serviço Nacional de Saúde, SNS), special social health insurance schemes for certain professions (health subsystems) and voluntary private health insurance. The SNS provides universal coverage. In addition, about 55% of the population is covered by the health subsystems,[279] 43% by private insurance schemes and another 12% by mutual funds.[280][281]
Similarly to other 'Eur-A countries', (Western Europe), most Portuguese die fromnoncommunicable diseases.[282] Portugal'sinfant mortality rate (IMR) stood at 2,25 deaths per 1,000 live births as of 2024.[283] A Eurostat opinion-poll in 2023 found that 55.4% of adults rated their health as good or very good, the third lowest rate collected in theEuropean Union.[284] The largest university hospital in the country isHospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon.[285]
Despite good economic development, the average Portuguese, along with Italians, have been among the shortest in Europe since around 1890 and still are.[286] A driving factor was modest real wage growth, given late industrialisation and economic growth compared to the European core. Another determinant was delayedhuman capital formation.[287]
Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilisations that have crossed the European continent and Mediterranean,[288] or were introduced when it played an active role during theAge of Discovery.[289] In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernised its public cultural facilities, in addition to theCalouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon.[290]
Traditional architecture is distinctive and include theManueline, also known as Portuguese lateGothic a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century, followed byPombaline style of the 18th century.[294][295]
Portuguese cuisine is diverse, part of theAtlantic diet. A significant ingredient in the Portuguese diet is drycod (bacalhau in Portuguese). They say that the Portuguese have mastered 365 different ways to prepare codfish, meaning a cod dish for each day of the year, to name a fewrecipes:bacalhau à Brás,bacalhau à Gomes de Sá,bacalhau com natas, bacalhau à Minhota, bacalhau espiritual, bacalhau à Lagareiro, bacalhau assado,bacalhau à Zé do Pipo,pastéis de bacalhau. Other fish recipes include grilledsardines,mackerel,[300]sea bream, andcaldeirada, a tomato-basedstew that can be made from several types of fish or shellfish, with a mix of onion, garlic, bay leaf, potatoes, peppers, parsley.[301]
The 20th century saw the arrival ofModernism, and along with it came Portuguese painters such asAmadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly the Delaunays (Robert andSonia).[314] Among his best-known works isCanção Popular – a Russa e o Fígaro. Other modernist painters/writers includeCarlos Botelho andAlmada Negreiros, friend to the poetFernando Pessoa, who painted Pessoa's portrait. He was deeply influenced by bothCubist andFuturist trends.[315][316]
Portuguese literature, one of the earliest Western literatures, developed through text as well as song. Until 1350, thePortuguese-Galiciantroubadours spread their literary influence to most of the Iberian Peninsula,[322] like KingD. Dinis (1261–1325) who became famous for his poetry. Other kings would write and sponsor works of literature across Portuguese history, likeD. Fernando (1367–1383) who supported Pêro Menino in writing oLivro da Falcoaria.[46]
^While Portugal has ade jure semi-presidential system, the role of the president is mostly ceremonial, and the country operates under a strongparliamentary leaning.[4]
^The modern day concept of sovereignty ordeclaration of independence did not exist at the time, nor was established any notion of its recognition. Portugal was recognised as a kingdom with its own King in1179 by thePope who was the ultimate authority in Europe at the time. The way Europe was seen at the time was as aRes publica christiana.
^Most notably, the Portuguese devised thevolta do mar navigational technique, which enabled safe roundtrip voyages in open sea; this was a major turning point in world history, as it meant that voyagers could now return from long distant places, marking a leap from coastal hugging to deep-sea, long-range navigation, which consequently contributed to further advancements in nautical science and cartography, without that discovery European colonial empires could not have been established.[50]
^Guimarães, Paula; Martins, Susana (March 2005)."Guia de estilo" [Style guide](PDF).Eurocid - Informação europeia ao cidadão (in European Portuguese). Centro de Informação Europeia Jacques Delors. p. 41.Archived(PDF) from the original on 16 January 2026. Retrieved6 December 2025.
^abRibeiro, Ângelo; Hermano, José (2004).História de Portugal I – A Formação do Território [History of Portugal: The Formation of the Territory] (in Portuguese). QuidNovi.ISBN989-554-106-6.
^Fernandes, Carla Varela (August 2017). Barroca, Mário Jorge (ed.).Com a Espada e a Cruz: A imagem de D. Afonso Henriques na Escultura Medieval Portuguesa [With the sword and the cross the image of Afonso Henriques in the Portuguese medieval sculpting](PDF). No tempo de D. Afonso Henriques. Reflexões sobre o primeiro século português. (in European Portuguese). Porto: CITCEM – Centro de Investigação Transdisciplinar «Cultura, Espaço e Memória». pp. 77–90.ISBN978-989-8351-75-3. Retrieved7 April 2025 – via NOVA Research Portal.
^Wilson, Jonathan (3 May 2020). "'Neither age nor sex sparing': the Alvor massacre 1189, an anomaly in the PortugueseReconquista?".Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies.12 (2):199–229.doi:10.1080/17546559.2019.1704043.
^Casimiro, Tânia Manuel (2020). "Globalization, trade, and material culture: Portugal's role in the making of a multicultural Europe (1415–1806)".Post-Medieval Archaeology.54 (1):1–17.doi:10.1080/00794236.2020.1750239.hdl:10362/98047.In the Early Modern age, Portugal was among the first European countries to engage in overseas trade and colonial ventures.
^Ertl, Alan W. (2008).Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Precis of Continental Integration. Dissertation.com. p. 303.ISBN9781599429830.
^Dean, Warren; Barman, Roderick J. (December 1990). "Brazil: The Forging of a Nation, 1798-1852".The American Historical Review.95 (5): 1663.doi:10.2307/2162941.JSTOR2162941.
^Martins, Ana (February 2006). "Presidential Elements in Government The Portuguese Semi-Presidential System: About Law in the Books and Law in Action".European Constitutional Law Review.2 (1):81–100.doi:10.1017/S1574019606000812.ProQuest216313596.
^"Carta Administrativa Oficial de Portugal" [Official administrative charter of Portugal].Direção-Geral do Território (in European Portuguese). Lisbon. 7 August 2025. Retrieved13 October 2025.
^"Historial".Instituto das Florestas e da Conservação da Natureza, IP-RAM. 6 June 2022.Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved21 April 2023.
^"Selvagens Islands". UNESCO World Heritage Centre.Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved18 April 2023.
^"Poderes e Competências".anibalcavacosilva.arquivo.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese).Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved30 December 2023.
^Oliveira, Sónia; Fradinho, Patrícia; Mata, Paulina; Moreira-Leite, Bruno; Raymundo, Anabela (October 2019). "Exploring innovation in a traditional sweet pastry: Pastel de Nata".International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science.17 100160.doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2019.100160.
.svg)
.svg)
.jpg)
.png)
.png)
%2c_by_Klugschnacker_in_Wikipedia_(1).JPG)
_(cropped).jpg)
_(9307363528).jpg)
_(cropped)_01.jpg)
.JPG)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_040.jpg)
.jpg)
_-_Domingos_Sequeira.png)
