Chorioactis is a
genus of
fungi that contains the single species
Chorioactis geaster. The mushroom is
commonly known as the
devil's cigar or the
Texas star in the United States, while in Japan it is called
kirinomitake (キリノミタケ).
This extremely rare mushroom is notable for its unusual appearance and
disjunct distribution; it is found only in select locales in
Texas and
Japan. The
fruit body, which grows on the stumps or dead roots of
cedar elms (in Texas) or dead
oaks (in Japan), somewhat resembles a dark brown or black cigar before it splits open radially into a starlike arrangement of four to seven leathery rays. The interior surface of the fruit body bears the
spore-bearing tissue known as the
hymenium, and is colored white to brown, depending on its age. The fruit body opening can be accompanied by a distinct hissing sound and the release of a smoky cloud of spores.
Fruit bodies were first collected in
Austin, Texas, and the species was named
Urnula geaster in 1893; later, it was found in
Kyushu in 1937, but the mushroom was not reported again in Japan until 1973. Although the new genus
Chorioactis was proposed to accommodate the unique species a few years after its original discovery, it was not accepted as a valid genus until 1968. Its
classification has also been a source of confusion. Historically,
Chorioactis was placed in the fungus family
Sarcosomataceae, despite inconsistencies in the microscopic structure of the
ascus, the saclike structure in which spores are formed.
Phylogenetic analyses of the past decade have clarified the fungus's classification:
Chorioactis, along with three other genera, make up the family
Chorioactidaceae, a grouping of related fungi formally acknowledged in 2008. In 2009, Japanese researchers reported discovering a form of the fungus missing the sexual stage of its
lifecycle; this
asexual state was named
Kumanasamuha geaster. (
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