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Portal:Reformed Christianity

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Reformed Christianity, also calledCalvinism, is a major branch ofProtestantism that began during the 16th-centuryProtestant Reformation. In the modern day, it is largely represented by theContinental Reformed,Presbyterian, andCongregational traditions, as well as parts of theAnglican (known as "Episcopal" in some regions),Baptist andWaldensian traditions, in addition to a minority of persons belonging to theMethodist faith (who are known as Calvinistic Methodists).

Reformed theology emphasizes theauthority of the Bible and thesovereignty of God, as well ascovenant theology, a framework for understanding the Bible based on God's covenants with people. Reformed churches emphasize simplicity in worship. Several forms ofecclesiastical polity are exercised by Reformed churches, includingpresbyterian,congregational, and someepiscopal. Articulated byJohn Calvin, the Reformed faith holds to aspiritual (pneumatic) presence of Christ in theLord's Supper.

Emerging in the 16th century, the Reformed tradition developed over several generations, especially inSwitzerland,Scotland and theNetherlands. In the 17th century,Jacobus Arminius and theRemonstrants were expelled from theDutch Reformed Church over disputes regardingpredestination andsalvation, and from that timeArminians are usually considered to be a distinct tradition from the Reformed. This dispute produced theCanons of Dort, the basis for the "doctrines of grace" also known as the"five points" of Calvinism.

Calvinism influenced social, economic, and political life by promotinghard work,trade, andwealth accumulation within ethical limits, laying the groundwork for modern capitalism, especially inNorthern Europe and theUnited States. Its emphasis on elected church elders, thepriesthood of all believers, andmixed government inspired early democratic practices,separation of powers, and protections forreligious minorities, shaping colonies in North America andliberal political thought in England. Calvinist-inspired reforms also advanced social causes likeabolition,women’s suffrage, education, and humanitarian efforts worldwide. (Full article...)

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Huldrych Zwingli in an oil portrait from 1531 by Hans Asper; Kunstmuseum Winterthur.

Huldrych Zwingli (1 January 1484 – 11 October 1531) was a leader of theReformation in Switzerland. Born during a time of rising Swiss patriotism and increasing criticism of theSwiss mercenary system, he attended theUniversity of Vienna and theUniversity of Basel, a scholarly centre ofhumanism. In 1519, Zwingli became the pastor of theGrossmünster inZürich where he began to preach ideas on reforming the Church. The Reformation spread to other parts of theSwiss Confederation, but severalcantons resisted, preferring to remainRoman Catholic. Zwingli formed an alliance of Reformed cantons which divided the Confederation along religious lines. Zwingli’s ideas came to the attention ofMartin Luther and other reformers. They met at theMarburg Colloquy and although they agreed on many points of doctrine, they could not reach an accord on the doctrine of thepresence of Christ in theEucharist. In 1531 Zwingli’s alliance applied an unsuccessful food blockade on the Roman Catholic cantons. The cantons responded with an attack at a moment when Zürich was badly prepared. Zwingli was killed in battle at the age of 47. His legacy lives on in theconfessions, liturgy, and church orders of theReformed churches of today.

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Image 1TheGrote Kerk inHaarlem in theDutch Republic,c. 1665 (fromReformed Christianity)
Image 2Calvin preached atSt. Pierre Cathedral inGeneva. (fromReformed Christianity)
Image 3TheParable of the Prodigal Son, depicted in a portrait byRembrandt, illustrates forgiveness. (fromReformed Christianity)
Image 4TheShield of the Trinity diagrams the classic doctrine of theTrinity. (fromReformed Christianity)
Image 5Moses Amyraut formulatedAmyraldism, a modified Calvinist theology regarding the nature ofJesus' atonement. (fromReformed Christianity)
Image 6The burning of theGuernsey Martyrs during the Marian persecutions in 1556 (fromReformed Christianity)
Image 7John Calvin depicted on his deathbed with church members inThe last moments of Calvin, a late 19th century portrait byLluís Domènech i Montaner (fromReformed Christianity)
Image 8Dutch prime ministerAbraham Kuyper initiatedNeo-Calvinism. (fromReformed Christianity)
Image 9The seal of thePresbyterian Church in the United States of America, an early American Presbyterian church founded in 1789 (fromReformed Christianity)
Image 10Stephen Bocskai, leader ofHungarian Calvinists in the anti-Habsburg rebellion and first Calvinistprince of Transylvania (r. 1605–1606) (fromReformed Christianity)
Image 11A Reformed church inKoudekerk aan den Rijn in theNetherlands in the 19th century (fromReformed Christianity)
Image 12Early Calvinism was known for simple, unadorned churches as depicted in this 1661 portrait of the interior of theOude Kerk, Amsterdam. (fromReformed Christianity)
Image 13Fall of Man byJacob Jordaens (fromReformed Christianity)
Image 14TheDirectory for Public Worship described what should (and should not) occur in worship. (fromReformed Christianity)

Did you know...

...that for the first four decades of its existence, thealtar of theReformed Dutch Church inBloomingburg, New York, was on the same end as the main entrance?