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The1985 Atlantic hurricane season was an average yet destructive hurricane season. It featured a near-record number of hurricanes landfalls in the United States – six – tied with2020 and only surpassed by1886. The season officially began on June 1 and lasted until November 30. This was partially attributed to aLa Niña – a meteorological phenomenon that produces favorable conditions across the Atlantic basin, such as lowerwind shear and highersea surface temperatures. The first storm, Ana, developed on July 15 nearBermuda and caused minor effects in Canada while transitioning into anextratropical cyclone. Three other tropical cyclones – Claudette, Henri, and Isabel – did not significantly affect land. Claudette developed offshore of theSoutheastern United States and brushed Bermuda and theAzores. Henri and Isabel were dissipating as they approached land. However, the precursor of the latter caused a severe flood inPuerto Rico that killed 180 people. Additionally, Tropical Storm Fabian and three tropical depressions did not have any known impact on land.
Although several storms caused minimal effects, several tropical cyclones also left extensive impact.Hurricane Gloria, the strongest storm of the season, resulted in 14 fatalities and about $900 million (1985USD) in damage inNorth Carolina,Virginia, theMid-Atlantic, andNew England.Hurricane Elena threatened the centralGulf Coast of the United States, then abruptly re-curved towardFlorida. Unexpectedly, Elena doubled-back and struckMississippi, resulting in two mass evacuations. The storm caused $1.3 billion in losses, with most of the damage inLouisiana and Mississippi. Similarly,Hurricane Juan caused $1.5 billion in damage due to its erratic track offshore and across Louisiana. Three other tropical cyclones – HurricanesBob,Danny, andKate – caused moderate to extensive damage inCuba and the United States.Kate was a unusually late and record breaking November hurricane that struck the Florida on the 21st; a record for the latest U.S. hurricane. Overall, the tropical cyclones of this season collectively caused over $4.52 billion in damage and 60 deaths. (Full article...)
"Dejaría Todo" has beencovered by Brazilian singerLeonardo, Puerto Rican singer Johnny Ray, and Latin American boy bandCNCO. Leonardo recorded the Portuguese version, "Deixaria Tudo", which reached number two in Brazil, while Johnny Ray's cover peaked at number 15 on theTropical Airplay in the US. CNCO's rendition was included on their covers album,Déjà Vu (2021). It peaked at number four on the Monitor Latino Peruvian pop charts. (Full article...)
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TheChurch Offensive was abuilding occupation organized by the New YorkYoung Lords inEast Harlem,New York City. During the Church Offensive, the Young Lords occupied the First Spanish UnitedMethodist Church (FSUMC) for 11 days, from December 28, 1969, to January 7, 1970, in protest of the church's refusal to host the Young Lords' free breakfast program. During the occupation, the Young Lords implemented variouscommunity service programs, including free breakfasts and health clinics, "liberation school" classes, and dinners for Puerto Rican women. Despite a court order to vacate the church, the Young Lords remained, arguing they had not disrupted services and were challenging the church's inaction. As a result, they were held incontempt of court. The occupation ended when police forcibly entered the church, peacefully arresting 105 Young Lords members and supporters.
The Young Lords continued to pressure the FSUMC to support their breakfast program, but their requests were denied. Despite this, due to media coverage and endorsements from prominent figures, the Church Offensive led to an increase in community support and membership for the Young Lords. Some historians argue that the Church Offensive revitalized thePuerto Rican independence movement in New York and fostered discussions about gender roles within the growing Young Lords organization. Others claim that the Church Offensive represented a challenge to the "social imaginary" by questioning prevailing western concepts of peoplehood and disrupting the perceived link between coloniality and modernity. (Full article...)
Molina played a handful of games for the Anaheim Angels in 1998 and 1999. He became the Angels' regular catcher in 2000 and remained so through the 2005 season. In 2001, José became his teammate. In 2002, he became aWorld Series Champion when the Angels defeated the Giants in seven games. He won aGold Glove in 2002 and 2003, leadingAmerican League (AL) catchers in percentage ofattempted base stealers thrown out. (Full article...)
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"Da la Vuelta" (English: "Turn Around") is a song written byEmilio Estefan andKike Santander and performed by American singerMarc Anthony. Produced by Anthony, Estefan, andÁngel "Cucco" Peña, it is asalsa track which deals with the singer letting go of his former lover. It is one of the three Spanish-language songs to be included on Anthony's 1999self-titled album and was released as a promotional single in the same year.
Tropical Storm Erika east of theLesser Antilles on September 1
Tropical Storm Erika was a short-livedtropical cyclone that brought minor impacts to theLesser Antilles. The fifth named storm of the2009 Atlantic hurricane season, Erika originated out of atropical wave on September 1 near theLesser Antilles. Although it was a disorganized system, it was immediately declared a tropical storm, rather than a tropical depression. Later that day, the system reached its peak intensity with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and abarometric pressure of 1004 mbar (hPa; 29.65 inHg). Increasedwind shear caused the storm to weaken shortly thereafter, with Erika barely maintaining tropical storm-status by September 2. Later that day, the storm passed over the island ofGuadeloupe and entered theCaribbean Sea. On September 3, Erika weakened to a tropical depression as the low pressure center became fully displaced fromconvective activity. Later that day, the system degenerated into a remnant low before dissipating nearPuerto Rico on September 4.
Due to the storm's low intensity, Erika produced little damage in theLesser Antilles during its passage through the islands. Guadeloupe recorded up to 12.1 in (310 mm) of rain, leading to flooding and some landslides; 12,000 people on the island were left without power. Several other islands recorded moderate rainfall form the system before the tropical storm degenerated into a remnant low. In Puerto Rico, the cyclone's remnants produced heavy rainfall, peaking at 7.58 in (193 mm), that triggered flooding in several regions. (Full article...)
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Map of the Puerto Rico campaign illustrating operations July 25 – August 12, 1898, and showingmunicipality borders in 1898.Blue are US Naval forces,red are US land forces, andgreen are Spanish ground forces. Map of Puerto Rico under the US and Spanish flags from August 14 until September 19, 1898. The 23 blue-colored municipalities were under the US flag and the 55 yellow-colored municipalities were under the Spanish flag (Full article...)
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"Imagíname Sin Ti" is a song by Puerto Rican singerLuis Fonsi from his second studio album,Eterno (2000). The song was written byRudy Pérez and Mark Portmann, with the former handling its production. It is anR&B-tingedballad about the singer moving away from his lover and realizing he cannot live without her. Fonsi also recorded an English-language version of the song titled "Imagine Me Without You", which was produced by Veit Renn. The accompanyingmusic video for the Spanish version was filmed by Marlene Salomé and filmed in Venezuela.
"Píntame" (transl. "Paint Me") is a song by Puerto Rican American singerElvis Crespo from his 1999 second studio albumof the same name. The song was written by Crespo with Luis Angel Cruz and Robert Cora handling its productions. It is amerengue song in which Crespo asks an artist to materialize his lover by painting her. The song was met with positive reactions from threemusic critics who found the song to be catchy. An accompanyingmusic video for the single features Crespo dancing with other performers in a white background.
Commercially, "Píntame" peaked at number two and one on theBillboardHot Latin Songs andTropical Airplay charts in the United States. An English-language version of the song was released to dance radio stations in the US. The track garnered several accolades including theLo Nuestro Award for Tropical Song of the Year in 2000. In 2019, Dominican Republic singerGabriel Pagán [es]covered the song with Crespo and their version topped the merengue charts in the Dominican Republic. (Full article...)
In 1887, Muñoz Rivera became part of the leadership of a newly formed Autonomist Party. In 1889, he successfully ran a campaign for the position of delegate in the district ofCaguas. Subsequently, Muñoz Rivera was a member of a group organized by the party to discuss proposals of autonomy withPráxedes Mateo Sagasta, who would grant Puerto Rico an autonomous government following his election. He served as Chief of the Cabinet of this government. (Full article...)
The film entered development in 2014 at20th Century Studios (then-named 20th Century Fox); Kushner began writing the screenplay in 2017. In January 2018, Spielberg was hired and casting began that September.Justin Peck choreographed the dance sequences. Principal photography occurred in New York and New Jersey; filming began in July 2019 and ran for two months. (Full article...)
"The Cup of Life" (Spanish: "La Copa de la Vida") is a song recorded by Puerto Rican singerRicky Martin for his fourth studio album,Vuelve (1998). Martin created the song afterFIFA requested of him ananthem. The song was written by Luis Gómez Escolar,Desmond Child, andDraco Rosa, while the production was handled by the latter two. It was released byColumbia Records on March 9, 1998, as the secondsingle from the album, and became theofficial song of the1998 FIFA World Cup held inFrance. A primarily Spanish languagesamba-rootedLatin pop song, it carries a football-heavy message with fully positive lyrics.
The song has received highly positive reviews frommusic critics, who complimented its energy and lyrics. "The Cup of Life" has been ranked as the best World Cup anthem of all time by multiple publications, includingThe Atlantic,Dallas Observer, andThe Fader. It is also one of Martin's most commercially successful songs worldwide, appearing on the charts in more than 60 countries, and reaching number one in 30 countries. It has received severalcertifications, including platinum in Australia and France. The accompanyingmusic videos were directed byWayne Isham and filmed during a sold-out concert in Puerto Rico. (Full article...)
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"Classy 101" is a song by the Colombian singer-songwriterFeid and the Puerto Rican rapperYoung Miko from Feid's secondextended play (EP),Ferxxocalipsis (2023). Feid, Miko, Wain, and Bonaroti wrote the song with its producers, Caleb Calloway, Mauro, and Julia Lewis. Since Miko began her professional career with Calloway as producer, she attracted the attention of several artists who shared the stage and collaborated with her and became viral onTikTok with two songs. She initially composed the song inLos Angeles until she met Feid there by surprise, having no contact with him before and always having been his fan.Universal Music Latino released the song as a single on March 31 with the premiere of itsmusic video and later included it inFerxxocalipsis on December 1.
Music journalists praised "Classy 101" and described it as areggaeton with aminimalist sound and an edgyperreo fusion that talks about acarnal desire linked tolust for a highly seductive woman that the narrator cannot ignore. The song was also ranked on lists as one of the best Latin songs of 2023. It reached the top 10 in twelve countries and was certified platinum in Brazil, Mexico, Spain, and the US. The song was Miko's first entry on theBillboard Hot 100. Deathofgian directed themusic video for the song, which portrays a couple in love riding a motorcycle and shows Miko and Feid singing in different scenarios. It won aLos 40 Music Award, aLo Nuestro Award, and twoLatin American Music Awards. The song was included on the set list of Miko and Feid's headlining concert tours and was performed at the Los 40 Music Awards and at several music festivals. (Full article...)
November 1, 1963 - TheArecibo Observatory, the largest single-aperture telescope, officially opened for operations.
November 1, 1927 - Birth ofVictor Pellot, former Mayor League Baseball player
November 2, 2004 - General elections were held in Puerto Rico, with no clear victor for the Governor seat. On December 28,Aníbal Acevedo Vilá was declared the winner following several recounts and court rulings.
November 3, 1867 - Death of Segundo Ruiz Belvis, abolitionist and political activist (b. 1829)
November 5, 1934 - Birth ofVictor Argo, actor (d. 2004)
November 22, 1595 - SirFrancis Drake, with 27 vessels and 2,500 troops, sails into San Juan Bay in an attempt to loot the city. His attack would ultimately fail.
November 25, 1897 - The Carta Autonómica (Autonomic Charter) was approved in Spain, which conceded political and administrative autonomy to the island.
November 29, 2005 - Death ofVictor Pellot, as a result of cancer
November 30, 1971 - Birth ofIván Rodríguez, Mayor League Baseball catcher
Having been annexed from Spain in 1898, the unincorporated territory ofPuerto Rico represented a paradox during the Cold War, politically belonging to the United States but culturally to Latin America. Its location in the Caribbean converted it in the American response to Cuba, directly affecting the development of itspolitical status. Puerto Rico was allowed to enact a heavily revisedlocal Constitution, but its attempts to employ its sovereignty and use it to remove the application of theTerritorial Clause of theUnited States Constitution ended in failure. TheUnited States military played a key role in perpetuating the status quo, not wanting to risk the possibility that a change in status could affect their presence in the Caribbean. A situation further complicated by the emergence of Marxist guerrillas, including the notoriousFuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña andBoricua Popular Army, within the pre-existingindependence movement in Puerto Rico. Ultimately, the status issue stagnated throughout the remainder of the Cold War, but the pro-sovereignty efforts undertaken during this time frame eventually led to the current incarnation of thefree association movement in Puerto Rico. (Full article...)
José Maldonado (1874 – 1932), a.k.a. "Aguila Blanca" (White Eagle), was aPuerto Ricanrevolutionary who fought with the Cuban Liberation Army and whose controversial exploits in Puerto Rico have contributed to making him part of Puerto Rican lore. (Full article...)
... that bothRafael Carrión, Sr., the founder ofBanco Popular de Puerto Rico, the largest bank in Puerto Rico and the largest Hispanic bank in the United States,[1] andAngel Ramos, the founder ofTelemundo, the second largestSpanish-language television network in the United States, were orphans born to poor families and neither had college degrees?
... thatJuan Emilio Viguié, a pioneer in Puerto Rico's film industry, produced"Romance Tropical" the first Puerto Rican film with sound which in itself was also the second Spanish movie in the world with sound?
... that Nine Puerto Ricans have been awarded thePresidential Medal of Freedom, an award bestowed by the President of the United States and which is the highest civilian award in the United States?
... that Three Puerto Ricans have been awarded thePresidential Citizens Medal, an award bestowed by the President of the United States and which is the second highest civilian award in the United States?
... that In 2013, theGuinness World Records certified thatGuillermo José Torres broke the record of being the anchorman with the longest career in the same station after forty-three years?[2]
... thatElsa Miranda, a native of Ponce, was a popular vocalist and that she participated in the first "Chiquita Banana" commercial where she sang the jingle? Plus, the she is considered to be the most famous Miss Chiquita?[5]
The following are images from various Puerto Rico-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 1The original Lares revolutionary flag. The first "Puerto Rican Flag" used in the unsuccessfulGrito de Lares (Lares Uprising). (fromHistory of Puerto Rico)
Image 6"El desastre es la colonia" (the disaster is the colony), words seen on light meter six months afterHurricane Maria (fromCulture of Puerto Rico)
Image 8Spanish Planter of Puerto Rico with House Slave, ca. 1808 (fromHistory of Puerto Rico)
Image 9The 45-star flag, used by the United States during the invasion of Puerto Rico, was also the official flag of Puerto Rico from 1899 to 1908. (fromHistory of Puerto Rico)
Image 11Sugar cane workers resting at the noon hour,Rio Piedras. Photograph byJack Delano, a photographer for the Farm Security Administration. Ca. 1941. (fromHistory of Puerto Rico)
Image 13An 1899, caricature byLouis Dalrymple (1866–1905), showing Uncle Sam harshly lecturing four black children labelled Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and Cuba (fromHistory of Puerto Rico)
Image 14Royal Cédula of Graces, 1815, which granted legal entry of some foreigners to Puerto Rico. (fromHistory of Puerto Rico)
Image 15Los Reyes Magos painted by Hipolito Marte Martinez, "In Puerto Rico, Melchior is always represented with dark skin" (fromCulture of Puerto Rico)
A lot ofPuerto Rican Americans sometimes feel outside of thePuerto Rican experience..., and then they get ridiculed from that. Some people may call them a "fakePuerto Rican". And I don't think that that's fair, because they still grew up on rice and beans. They still listen to salsa and merengue.
You know, you may not be born inPuerto Rico, but Puerto Rican is definitely born in you.
OnWikipedia,anyone can edit. So if you're interested in Puerto Rico and its related subjects and articles, feel free to add and edit current content orstart a new article. After all, the Wikipedia community encourages all readers and users tobe bold in updating pages. If you're unsure on where to start, you can choose any of the opentasks listed below. ThePuerto Rico WikiProject thanks you!
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