Specialists, known asnumismatists, are often characterized as students or collectors ofcoins, but the discipline also includes the broader study ofmoney and other means ofpayment used to resolvedebts and exchangegoods.

The earliest forms of money used by people are categorised by collectors as "odd and curious", but the use of other goods in barter exchange is excluded, even where used as a circulatingcurrency (e.g.,cigarettes orinstant noodles in prison). As an example, theKyrgyz people usedhorses as the principal currency unit, and gave small change inlambskins; the lambskins may be suitable for numismatic study, but the horses are not.^{[dubious –discuss]} Many objects have been used for centuries, such ascowry shells,precious metals,cocoa beans,large stones, andgems. (Full article...)

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Image 1

TheConnecticut Tercentenary half dollar, sometimes called theConnecticut half dollar, is acommemorative 50-cent piece struck by theUnited States Bureau of the Mint in 1935. The coin was designed byHenry Kreis and commemorates the 300th anniversary of thefounding ofConnecticut. Itsobverse depicts theCharter Oak, where according to legend Connecticut's charter was hidden to save it from being confiscated by theEnglish governor-general. An eagle appears on the coin's reverse side.

The Connecticut Tercentenary Commission wanted a half dollar issued, with proceeds from its sale to further its projects. A bill passed throughCongress without dissent and became law on June 21, 1934, when PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt signed it, providing for 25,000 half dollars. Kreis's design was aPublic Works Administration project and technically in violation of the new law, which said the federal government was not to pay for its design. Nevertheless, the design was approved by theCommission of Fine Arts, and then by theTreasury Department. (Full article...)
Image 2

TheNew Rochelle 250th Anniversary half dollar is acommemorative coin struck by theUnited States Bureau of the Mint to mark the 250th anniversary of the settling ofNew Rochelle inWestchester County,New York. ArtistGertrude K. Lathrop designed the piece; she was chosen after work byLorrilard Wise was rejected by the federalCommission of Fine Arts (CFA). The coin depicts a fatted calf on one side, being led byJohn Pell, who sold the land on which New Rochelle now stands; the other shows afleur de lis, an element of the city seal of New Rochelle and of France'sLa Rochelle, itseponym. The piece is dated 1938 but was minted the previous year. The New Rochelle piece was the last new-design commemorative struck by the Mint until 1946.

Aware of the many commemorative issues being authorized by theU.S. Congress in the mid-1930s, members of the Westchester County Coin Club sought a half dollar for the New Rochelle anniversary. They gained the support of members of Congress, who secured the passage of legislation for the half dollar during 1936. After Wise's work was rejected, Lathrop was hired based on her work on theAlbany Charter half dollar (1936). She decided to depict the "fatt calfe" which was to be presented annually to Pell if he asked for it, lest New Rochelle's land be forfeited back to him. The CFA approved her work, and the coins were struck at thePhiladelphia Mint in 1937. (Full article...)
Image 3

TheBridgeport, Connecticut, Centennial half dollar (also theBridgeport Centennial half dollar orBridgeport half dollar) is acommemorative fifty-cent piece issued in 1936 by theUnited States Bureau of the Mint to honor the 100th anniversary of the incorporation ofBridgeport, Connecticut, as a city. Designed byHenry Kreis, the obverse depicts the showmanP. T. Barnum, who was one of Bridgeport's most famous residents, was mayor of the city, helped develop it, and is buried there. The reverse depicts a stylized eagle.

Bridgeport authorities wanted a commemorative coin to help fund the centennial celebrations. At the time, Congress was authorizing such coins for even local events, and the Bridgeport half dollar legislation passed Congress without opposition. Kreis had designed theConnecticut Tercentenary half dollar (1935), and he produced designs showing a left-facing Barnum and a modernistic eagle similar to the one on the Connecticut piece. (Full article...)
Image 4

Thegold dollar orgold one-dollar piece is agold coin that was struck as a regular issue by theUnited States Bureau of the Mint from 1849 to 1889. The coin had three types over its lifetime, all designed by Mint Chief EngraverJames B. Longacre. The Type 1 issue has the smallest diameter (0.5 inch =12.7mm) of any United States coin minted to date.

A golddollar coin had been proposed several times in the 1830s and 1840s, but was not initially adopted.Congress was finally galvanized into action by the increased supply ofbullion caused by theCalifornia gold rush, and in 1849 authorized a gold dollar. In its early years, silver coins were being hoarded or exported, and the gold dollar found a ready place in commerce. Silver again circulated after Congress in 1853 required that new coins of that metal be made lighter, and the gold dollar became a rarity in commerce even before federal coins vanished from circulation because of the economic disruption caused by theAmerican Civil War. (Full article...)
Image 5

TheWisconsin Territorial Centennial half dollar is acommemorative half dollar designed by David Parsons and Benjamin Hawkins and minted by theUnited States Bureau of the Mint in 1936. Theobverse depicts a pick axe and lead ore, referring to the lead mining inearly Wisconsin, while the reverse depicts abadger and the territorial seal.

Organizers of the territorial centennial celebration sought a commemorative half dollar as a fundraiser; at this time newly issued commemorative coins found a ready market from collectors and speculators. Accordingly, legislation was introduced by SenatorRobert M. La Follette Jr., which, though it was amended, passed Congress without opposition. When initial designs by Parsons were rejected by theCommission of Fine Arts, Hawkins was hired, and he executed the designs, though Parsons was also given credit. (Full article...)
Image 6

Thetwo-cent piece was produced by theMint of the United States for circulation from 1864 to 1872 and for collectors in 1873. Designed byJames B. Longacre, there were decreasing mintages each year, as other minor coins such as thenickel proved more popular. It was abolished by theMint Act of 1873.

The economic turmoil of theAmerican Civil War caused government-issued coins, even the non-silverIndian Head cent, to vanish from circulation, hoarded by the public. One means of filling this gap wasprivate token issues, often made of bronze. The cent at that time was struck of a copper-nickel alloy, the same diameter as the laterLincoln cent, but somewhat thicker. The piece was difficult for thePhiladelphia Mint to strike, and Mint officials, as well as the annualAssay Commission, recommended the coin's replacement. Despite opposition from those wishing to keep the metalnickel in the coinage, led by Pennsylvania CongressmanThaddeus Stevens, Congress passed theCoinage Act of 1864, authorizing bronze cents and two-cent pieces. (Full article...)
Image 7

TheIndian Head eagle is a $10 gold piece oreagle that was struck by the United States Mint continuously from 1907 until 1916, and then irregularly until 1933. The obverse and reverse were designed by sculptorAugustus Saint-Gaudens, originally commissioned for use on other denominations. He was suffering from cancer and did not survive to see the coins released.

Beginning in 1904, PresidentTheodore Roosevelt proposed new, more artistic designs on US coins, prompting the Mint to hire Saint-Gaudens to create them. Roosevelt and Saint-Gaudens at first considered a uniform design for the four denominations of coins which were struck in gold, but in 1907 Roosevelt decided to use a model for the obverse of the eagle that the sculptor had meant to use for the cent. For the reverse of the $10 coin, the President decided on a design featuring a standing bald eagle that had been developed for theSaint-Gaudens double eagle $20 coin, while the obverse features a left-facing bust ofLiberty wearing an Indian feather headdress. (Full article...)
Image 8

The obverse of a Class I 1804 dollar

The1804 dollar orBowed Liberty Dollar was adollar coin struck by theUnited States Mint, of which sixteen specimens are currently known to exist. Though dated 1804, none were struck in that year; all were minted in the 1830s or later. They were first created for use in specialproof coin sets used as diplomatic gifts duringEdmund Roberts' trips toSiam andMuscat.

Edmund Roberts distributed the coins in 1834 and 1835. Two additional sets were ordered for government officials in Japan andCochinchina, but Roberts died inMacau before they could be delivered. Besides those 1804 dollars produced for inclusion in the diplomatic sets, the Mint struck some examples which were used to trade with collectors for pieces desired for the Mint's coin cabinet.Numismatists first became aware of the 1804 dollar in 1842, when an illustration of one example appeared in a publication authored by two Mint employees. A collector subsequently acquired one example from the Mint in 1843. In response to numismatic demand, several examples were surreptitiously produced by Mint officials. Unlike the original coins, these later restrikes lacked the correct edge lettering, although later examples released from the Mint bore the correct lettering. The coins produced for the diplomatic mission, those struck surreptitiously without edge lettering and those with lettering are known collectively as "Class I", "Class II" and "Class III" dollars, respectively. (Full article...)
Image 9
TheEisenhower dollar, with the double date 1776–1976

TheUnited States Bicentennial coinage is a set ofcirculating commemorativecoins, consisting of aquarter,half dollar anddollar struck by theUnited States Mint in 1975 and 1976. Regardless of when struck, each coin bears the double date 1776–1976 on the normalobverses for theWashington quarter,Kennedy half dollar andEisenhower dollar. No coins dated 1975 of any of the three denominations were minted.

Given past abuses in the system, the Mint advocated against the issuance ofcommemorative coins starting in the 1950s. Beginning in 1971, members of Congress introduced bills to authorize coins to honor theUnited States Bicentennial, which would occur in 1976. The Mint, through its director,Mary Brooks, initially opposed such proposals, but later supported them, and Congress passed legislation requiring the temporary redesign of thereverse of the quarter, half dollar and dollar. (Full article...)
Image 10

TheHudson, New York, Sesquicentennial half dollar, sometimes called theHudson Sesquicentennial half dollar, is acommemorative fifty-cent piece struck by theUnited States Bureau of the Mint in 1935. The coin was designed byChester Beach. Itsobverse depicts theHalf Moon, flagship ofHenry Hudson, after whom the city ofHudson, New York is named. In addition to showing the ship, the coin displays a version of the Hudson city seal, withNeptune riding a whale, a design that has drawn commentary over the years.

Although the city of Hudson was a relatively small municipality, legislation to issue a coin in honor of its 150th anniversary went through Congress without opposition and was signed by PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt, becoming the Act of May 2, 1935. In June 1935, 10,000 Hudson half dollars were distributed to civic authorities for sale to the public. (Full article...)
Image 11

TheAlbany Charter half dollar, also known as theAlbany-Dongan half dollar orAlbany half dollar, is a commemorativehalf dollar struck by theUnited States Bureau of the Mint in 1936. It was designed by sculptorGertrude K. Lathrop, who lived inAlbany, New York's state capital.

In 1936, Congress approved many commemorative coins for issuance, including some of mostly local significance. These included the Albany piece, wanted by city officials to mark the 250th anniversary of the 1686 grant of itsmunicipal charter byThomas Dongan, governor of colonial New York. The authorizing bill passed through Congress without opposition, though amendments added protections for coin collectors against abuses seen in earlier commemorative issues. Lathrop's designs have generally been praised: she placed a beaver on one side of the coin, modeled from life (one appears on Albany's city seal) and depicted the persons involved in the grant of the charter on the other. After approval of the designs by theCommission of Fine Arts, thePhiladelphia Mint coined 25,013 Albany half dollars in October 1936, including 13 pieces for testing by theAssay Commission. (Full article...)
Image 12

Thecopper-nickel three-cent piece, often called athree-cent nickel piece orthree-cent nickel, was designed by US Mint Chief EngraverJames B. Longacre and struck by theUnited States Bureau of the Mint from 1865 to 1889. It was initially popular, but its place in commerce was supplanted by the five-cent piece, ornickel.

With precious metal federal coinage hoarded during the economic turmoil of theAmerican Civil War, including thesilver three-cent piece, and even the copper-nickel cent commanding a premium, Congress issued paper money in denominations as small as three cents to replace the hoarded coins in commerce. These small slips of paper became ragged and dirty, and the public came to hate "shinplasters". After the issuance in 1864 of a lighter bronze cent and atwo-cent piece of that metal, both of which circulated freely, there were proposals for a three-cent piece in copper-nickel to replace the three-cent note. The advocates were led by Pennsylvania industrialistJoseph Wharton, who then controlled the domestic supply ofnickel ore. On the last legislative day of the congressional session, March 3, 1865, a bill for a three-cent piece in copper-nickel alloy was introduced in Congress, passed both houses without debate, and was signed by PresidentAbraham Lincoln. (Full article...)
Image 13

TheEisenhower dollar is a one-dollar coin issued by theUnited States Mint from 1971 to 1978; it was the firstcoin of that denomination issued by the Mint since thePeace dollar series ended in 1935. The coin depicts PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower on theobverse, and a stylized image honoring the 1969Apollo 11 Moon mission on the reverse. Both sides were designed byFrank Gasparro, with the reverse based on the mission patch designed by astronautMichael Collins. It is the only large-size U.S. dollar coin whose circulation strikes contained no silver.

In 1965, because of rises in bullion prices, the Mint began to strike copper-nickelclad coins instead of silver. No dollar coins had been issued for thirty years, but, beginning in 1969, legislators sought to reintroduce a dollar coin into commerce. After Eisenhower died that March, there were a number of proposals to honor him with the new coin. While these bills generally commanded wide support, enactment was delayed by a dispute over whether the new dollar coin should be in base metal or 40% silver. In 1970, a compromise was reached to strike the Eisenhower dollar in base metal for circulation, and in 40% silver as a collectible. On December 31, 1970, PresidentRichard Nixon, who had served asvice president under Eisenhower, signed legislation authorizing mintage of the new coin. (Full article...)
Image 14

Thesovereign is a Britishgold coin with anominal value of onepound sterling (£1) and contains 0.2354troy ounces (113.0 gr; 7.32 g) of pure gold. Struck since 1817, it was originally acirculating coin that was accepted in Britain and elsewhere in the world; it is now abullion coin and is sometimes mounted in jewellery. In addition, circulation strikes andproof examples are often collected for theirnumismatic value. In most recent years, it has borne the design ofSaint George and the Dragon on thereverse; the initials (B P) of the designer,Benedetto Pistrucci, are visible to the right of the date.

The coin was named after theEnglish gold sovereign, which was last minted about 1603, and originated as part of theGreat Recoinage of 1816. Many in Parliament believed a one-pound coin should be issued rather than the 21-shillingguinea that was struck until that time. TheMaster of the Mint,William Wellesley Pole had Pistrucci design the new coin; his depiction was also used for other gold coins. Originally, the coin was unpopular because the public preferred the convenience of banknotes but paper currency of value £1 was soon limited by law. With that competition gone, the sovereign became a popular circulating coin, and was used in international trade and overseas, being trusted as a coin containing a known quantity of gold. (Full article...)
Image 15

The United Statestrade dollar was adollar coin minted by theUnited States Mint to compete with other large silvertrade coins that were already popular inEast Asia. The idea first came about in the 1860s, when the price of silver began to decline due to increasedmining in the western United States. A bill providing in part for the issuance of the trade dollar was eventually put beforeCongress, where it was approved, and signed into law as theCoinage Act of 1873. The act made trade dollarslegal tender up to five dollars. A number of designs were considered for the trade dollar, and anobverse and reverse created byWilliam Barber were selected.

The first trade dollars were struck in 1873; the majority of these were sent to China. Eventually, bullion producers began converting large amounts of silver into trade dollars, causing the coins to make their way into American commercial channels. This caused frustration among those to whom they were given in payment, as the coins were largely maligned and traded for less than one dollar each. In response to their wide distribution in American commerce, the coins were officiallydemonetized in 1876, but continued to circulate. The production ofbusiness strikes ended in 1878, thoughproof coins officially continued to be minted until 1883. The trade dollar wasre-monetized when theCoinage Act of 1965 was signed into law. (Full article...)

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Drachma may refer to:

Ancient drachma, an ancient Greek currency
Modern drachma, Greek currency used from 1833–2002 until replaced by theeuro
Cretan drachma, currency of the formerCretan State
Drachma proctocomys, moth species, the only species in the GenusDrachma (Full article...)

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Credit:User:Marshman
Yap stonemoney at the village of Gachpar on Yap.

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Newfoundland 2 dollar coin — Reverse, Newfounland two dollars

...that with itstwo-dollar coin(reverse pictured),Newfoundland was the only British colony to issue circulating gold coinage?
...thatMount Burgess is nicknamed theTen Dollar Mountain because it was featured onCanadian currency?
...that theAmerican Buffalogold bullioncoin was the first .9999 fine 24-carat gold coin released by theUnited States Mint?
...that theAlabama centennial half dollar was the firstcommemorative coin minted with the image of a living individual?
...thatAksumite currency was the only native coinage to be issued inAfrica without direct influence by an outside culture likeRoman,Greek, etc...?

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TheThailand one-satang coin (1 st. or1 สต.) is acurrency unit equivalent to one-hundredth of aThai baht. It is rare in circulation but used in banking transactions.

The first satang coin was issued from 1908 to 1937, and featured a hole through the middle. It was made ofbronze and measured 22mm in diameter, weighing 4.6g. It bore the name of KingRama VI. A coin in the same design was minted in 1939 with the name of KingRama VIII, and had a mintage of 24.4 million. In 1941 the design of the coin changed, although it was still bronze with a hole. The diameter changed to 20mm and the weight to 3.5g. (Full article...)

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100 000 000 b.‑pengő (10²⁰ pengő). Highest numberedbanknote issued during the worsthyperinflation in the history.

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The following are images from various numismatics-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Greekdrachm of Aegina. Obverse: Land turtle. Reverse: ΑΙΓ(INA) and dolphin (fromHistory of money)
Image 2Genoese scudo, 1541 (fromHistory of money)
Image 3Coins can be stacked. (fromCoin)
Image 4Many currencies, such as theIndonesian rupiah, vary the sizes of their banknotes by denomination. This is done so that they may be told apart through touch alone. (fromBanknote)
Image 5Alexander the Great Tetradrachm from the Temnos Mint, c. 188–170 BC (fromCoin)
Image 6Genoese doppia, 1589 (fromHistory of money)
Image 7Obverse and reverse of an old American $100 note (1928) (fromBanknote)
Image 8Silverstater of Aegina, 550–530 BC. Obverse:sea turtle with large pellets down centre. Reverse: incuse square punch with eight sections. (fromCoin)
Image 9Timeline of monetary history (fromHistory of money)
Image 10Chinese round coins,Eastern Zhou dynasty –Warring States Period, c. 300–220 BC. Four Hua (四化, 30mm, 6.94 g). LegendYi Si Hua ([City of] Yi Four Hua). (fromCoin)
Image 11Russian American Company-issuedAlaskan parchment scrip (c. 1852) (fromBanknote)
Image 12Gandharan "bent-bar" punch-marked coin minted under Achaemenid administration, of the type found in large quantities in theChaman Hazouri and theBhir Mound hoards. (fromCoin)
Image 13Punch-marked coin minted in the Kabul Valley under Achaemenid administration, c. 500–380 BC, or c. 350 BC. (fromCoin)
Image 14Earlypunch-marked coins of Gandhara,Taxila-Gandhara region. (fromCoin)
Image 15AnAmerican Silver Eagle minted in 2019 (left), an example of aBullion coin. Its obverse design is based on the older, formerly circulating silverWalking Liberty half dollar (right). (fromCoin)
Image 16A $5 note issued by Citizens Bank of Louisiana in the 1850s. (fromBanknote)
Image 17Romandenarius ofJulius Caesar, 44 BC (fromHistory of money)
Image 18Shredded and briquettedUS dollar notes from theFederal Reserve Bank of New York (approx. 1000 pieces, 1 kg) (fromBanknote)
Image 19Fed Shreds as souvenir from theFederal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (fromBanknote)
Image 20French 1992 twenty Franc Tri-Metallic coin (fromCoin)
Image 21Holographic coin from Liberia features theStatue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) (fromCoin)
Image 22TheFrench Indies Company issued rupees in the name ofMuhammad Shah (1719–1748) for Northern India trade. This was cast inPondicherry. (fromHistory of money)
Image 231884United States trade dollar (fromCoin)
Image 24Shreds of unfitUS dollar notes with a typical size of less than 1.5 mm × 16 mm (fromBanknote)
Image 25Posthumous Alexander the Great tetradrachm from Temnos, Aeolis. Dated 188–170 BC. Obverse: Alexander the Great as Herakles facing right wearing the nemean lionskin. Reverse: Zeus seated on throne to the left holding eagle in right hand and scepter in left; in left field PA monogram and angular sigma above grape vine arching over oinochoe; ALEXANDROU vertical in right field. Reference: Price 1678. (fromCoin)
Image 26Romanaureus ofSeptimius Severus,c. 193–211 AD (fromHistory of money)
$Image 27Five million mark coin (Weimar Republic, 1923). Despite its high denomination, this coin's monetary value dropped to a tiny fraction of a US cent by the end of 1923, substantially less than the value of its metallic content. (from Coin)$
Image 27Five million mark coin (Weimar Republic, 1923). Despite its high denomination, this coin'smonetary value dropped to a tiny fraction of a US cent by the end of 1923, substantially less than the value of its metallic content. (fromCoin)
Image 28100 USD banknote (fromHistory of money)
Image 29The world's oldest coin, created in the ancient Kingdom of Lydia (fromCurrency)
Image 30Cowry shells being used as money by an Arab trader (fromCurrency)
Image 31Anoxhide ingot fromCrete.Late Bronze Age metal ingots were given standard shapes, such as the shape of an "ox-hide", suggesting that they represented standardized values. (fromCoin)
Image 32Romansestertius ofNero,c. 54–68 AD (fromHistory of money)
Image 33TheAchaemenid Empire satraps and dynasts inAsia Minor developed the usage of portraiture from c. 420 BC. Portrait of the satrap ofLydia,Tissaphernes (c. 445–395 BC). (fromCoin)
Image 34A5 euro note that was repaired withplastic tape after being torn in half (fromBanknote)
Image 35Hoard of mostlyMauryan Empire coins, 3rd century BC (fromCoin)
Image 36Florentine florin, 1347 (fromCoin)
Image 37ThePiloncitos are tiny engraved gold coins found in thePhilippines, along withbarter rings, which are gold ring-likeingots. These barter rings are bigger than softballs in size and are made of pure gold from the Archaic period (c. 10th to 16th century). (fromCoin)
Image 38Silver coin of theMaurya Empire, known asrūpyarūpa, with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BC (fromHistory of money)
Image 39Bimetallic Egyptian one pound coin featuring King Tutankhamen (fromCoin)
Image 40Name of currency units by country, in Portuguese (fromCurrency)
Image 41Earliest banknote from China during the Song Dynasty which is known as "Jiaozi" (fromHistory of money)
Image 42A 7th century one-third stater coin from Lydia, shown larger (fromHistory of money)
Image 43Shredded and briquettedeuro banknotes from theDeutsche Bundesbank, Germany (approx. 1 kg) (fromBanknote)
Image 44The earliest inscribed coinage:electrum coin ofPhanes fromEphesus, 625–600 BC. Obverse:Stag grazing right, ΦΑΝΕΩΣ (retrograde). Reverse: Twoincuse punches, each with raised intersecting lines. (fromCoin)
Image 45Collage for banknote design with annotations and additions to show proposed changes (figure rather higher so as to allow room for the No.), Bank of Manchester, UK, 1833. On display at the British Museum in London (fromBanknote)
Image 46Coin ofAlyattes ofLydia,c. 620/10–564/53 BC (fromCoin)
Image 47Spade money from theZhou dynasty,c. 650–400 BC (fromHistory of money)
Image 48Asiglos found in theKabul valley, 5th century BC. Coins of this type were also found in theBhir Mound hoard. (fromCoin)
Image 49Genoese 10 doppie, 1641 (fromHistory of money)
Image 50A2000 Romanian lei polymer banknote (fromBanknote)
Image 513Rubles proof coin of Russia, minted in 2008 (fromCoin)
Image 52ASwiss ten-cent coin from 1879, similar to the oldest coins still in official use today (fromCoin)
Image 53Asilver coin made during the reign of theMughal Emperor Alamgir II (1754–1759) (fromCoin)
Image 54Song dynastyJiaozi, the world's earliest paper money (fromCurrency)
Image 55Athenian coin (c. 500/490–485 BC) discovered in theShaikhan Dehri hoard inPushkalavati,Pakistan. This coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far east. (fromCoin)
Image 56Shredded and briquetted US dollar notes from theFederal Reserve Bank of New York (approx. 1000 pieces, 1 kg) (fromBanknote)

Numismatic terminology

Bullion – Precious metals (platinum,gold andsilver) in the form of bars, ingots or plate.
Error – Usually a mis-madecoin not intended for circulation, but can also refer to an engraving ordie-cutting error not discovered until the coins are released to circulation. This may result is two or more varieties of the coin in the same year.
Exonumia – The study of coin-like objects such astoken coins andmedals, and other items used in place of legal currency or for commemoration.
Fineness – Purity ofprecious metal content expressed in terms of one thousand parts. 90% is expressed as .900 fine.
Notaphily – The study of papermoney orbanknotes.
Scripophily – The study and collection ofstocks andBonds.

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Money -Coins -Banknotes -Electronic money -Exchange rate -Legal tender -Clubs -Terminology

Ancient currency:Asia -Byzantium -Greece -Primitive Money -Roman -Indian coinage

Modern currency:Africa -The Americas -Asia and the Pacific -Europe -Bullion coins -Challenge coin -Commemorative coins -Token coins

Economics:Banking -Bonds -Cheques -Credit Cards -Fiat currency -Gold standard -Mints -Monetary union -Reserve currency -Stocks

Production:Coining (machining) -Designers -Die making -Mint (coin) •Coinage Metals:Aluminum -Bronze -Copper -Gold -Platinum -Silver -Tin

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Numismatics related associations

Numismatics

International	International Association of Professional Numismatists International Numismatic Council Federation of European Numismatic Associations Fontes Inediti Numismaticae Antiquae
United States	American Numismatic Association American Numismatic Society Armenian Numismatic Society Barber Coin Collectors Society Chicago Coin Club Early American Coppers Empire State Numismatic Association Illinois Numismatic Association Professional Numismatists Guild Rochester Numismatic Association
United Kingdom	British Numismatic Trade Association British Numismatic Society Royal Numismatic Society Postal Order Society
China	China Numismatic Society
Canada	Royal Canadian Numismatic Association Canadian Paper Money Society
Italy	Italian Numismatic Institute Italian Numismatic Society
Centre for Ancient Epigraphy and Numismatics, University of Belgrade Hellenic Numismatic Society Royal Numismatic Society of Belgium Royal Numismatic Society of New Zealand Société française de numismatique Swiss Numismatic Society Turkish Numismatic Society

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Phaleristics

Philippines currency history

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Silk Road numismatics

Numismatic terminology

Most traded currencies

Most traded currencies by value
Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover^[1]
v
t
e
Currency	ISO 4217 code	Proportion of daily volume		Change (2022–2025)
Currency	ISO 4217 code	April 2022	April 2025	Change (2022–2025)
U.S. dollar	USD	88.4%	89.2%	0.8pp
Euro	EUR	30.6%	28.9%	1.7pp
Japanese yen	JPY	16.7%	16.8%	0.1pp
Pound sterling	GBP	12.9%	10.2%	2.7pp
Renminbi	CNY	7.0%	8.5%	1.5pp
Swiss franc	CHF	5.2%	6.4%	1.2pp
Australian dollar	AUD	6.4%	6.1%	0.3pp
Canadian dollar	CAD	6.2%	5.8%	0.4pp
Hong Kong dollar	HKD	2.6%	3.8%	1.2pp
Singapore dollar	SGD	2.4%	2.4%
Indian rupee	INR	1.6%	1.9%	0.3pp
South Korean won	KRW	1.8%	1.8%
Swedish krona	SEK	2.2%	1.6%	0.6pp
Mexican peso	MXN	1.5%	1.6%	0.1pp
New Zealand dollar	NZD	1.7%	1.5%	0.2pp
Norwegian krone	NOK	1.7%	1.3%	0.4pp
New Taiwan dollar	TWD	1.1%	1.2%	0.1pp
Brazilian real	BRL	0.9%	0.9%
South African rand	ZAR	1.0%	0.8%	0.2pp
Polish złoty	PLN	0.7%	0.8%	0.1pp
Danish krone	DKK	0.7%	0.7%
Indonesian rupiah	IDR	0.4%	0.7%	0.3pp
Turkish lira	TRY	0.4%	0.5%	0.1pp
Thai baht	THB	0.4%	0.5%	0.1pp
Israeli new shekel	ILS	0.4%	0.4%
Hungarian forint	HUF	0.3%	0.4%	0.1pp
Czech koruna	CZK	0.4%	0.4%
Chilean peso	CLP	0.3%	0.3%
Philippine peso	PHP	0.2%	0.2%
Colombian peso	COP	0.2%	0.2%
Malaysian ringgit	MYR	0.2%	0.2%
UAE dirham	AED	0.4%	0.1%	0.3pp
Saudi riyal	SAR	0.2%	0.1%	0.1pp
Romanian leu	RON	0.1%	0.1%
Peruvian sol	PEN	0.1%	0.1%
Other currencies		2.6%	3.4%	0.8pp
Total^[a]		200.0%	200.0%

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^Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2025(PDF) (Report).Bank for International Settlements. 30 September 2025. p. 14.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2025-10-12.

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^The total sum is 200% because each currency trade is counted twice: once for the currency being bought and once for the currency being sold. The percentages above represent the proportion of all trades involving a given currency, regardless of which side of the transaction it is on.

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