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Portal:Myanmar

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Wikipedia portal for content related to Myanmar (Burma)

ကြိုဆိုပါတယ်။ / Welcome to the Myanmar PortalPeacock

Myanmar, officially theRepublic of the Union of Myanmar and also referred to asBurma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwestSoutheast Asia. It is the largest country by area inMainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered byIndia andBangladesh to the northwest,China to the northeast,Laos andThailand to the east and southeast, and theAndaman Sea and theBay of Bengal to the south and southwest. The country's capital city isNaypyidaw, while itslargest city isYangon (formerly Rangoon).

Myanmar is a member of theEast Asia Summit,Non-Aligned Movement,ASEAN, andBIMSTEC, but it is not a member of theCommonwealth of Nations despite once being part of theBritish Empire. Myanmar is a Dialogue Partner of theShanghai Cooperation Organization. The country is very rich innatural resources, such asjade,gems,oil,natural gas,teak and otherminerals, as well as endowed withrenewable energy, having the highestsolar power potential compared to other countries of the GreatMekong Subregion. However, Myanmar has long suffered frominstability, factional violence,corruption, poor infrastructure, as well as a long history ofcolonial exploitation with little regard tohuman development. In 2013, its GDP (nominal) stood at US$56.7 billion and its GDP (PPP) at US$221.5 billion. Theincome gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of theeconomy is controlled bycronies of themilitary junta. Myanmar is one of theleast developed countries. Since 2021, more than 600,000 people have been displaced across Myanmar due to thecivil war post-coup, with more than three million people in dire need of humanitarian assistance. According to theUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are over 1.3 million people counted as refugees and asylum seekers, and 3.5 million people displaced internally as of December 2024. (Full article...)

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  • Image 1 Japanese troops at Shwethalyaung Buddha, 1942 The Japanese occupation of Burma was the period between 1942 and 1945 during World War II, when Burma was occupied by the Empire of Japan. The Japanese had assisted formation of the Burma Independence Army, and trained the Thirty Comrades, who were the founders of the modern Armed Forces (Tatmadaw). The Burmese hoped to gain support of the Japanese in expelling the British, so that Burma could become independent. In 1942, Japan invaded Burma and, on 1 August 1943, nominally declared the colony independent as the State of Burma. A pro-Japanese government led by Ba Maw was installed. However, many Burmese began to believe the Japanese had no intention of giving them real independence. (Full article...)
    Image 1
    Japanese troops atShwethalyaung Buddha, 1942

    TheJapanese occupation of Burma was the period between 1942 and 1945 duringWorld War II, whenBurma was occupied by theEmpire of Japan. The Japanese had assisted formation of theBurma Independence Army, and trained theThirty Comrades, who were the founders of the modern Armed Forces (Tatmadaw). The Burmese hoped to gain support of the Japanese in expelling the British, so that Burma could become independent.

    In 1942, Japan invaded Burma and, on 1 August 1943, nominally declared the colony independent as theState of Burma. Apro-Japanese government led byBa Maw was installed. However, many Burmese began to believe the Japanese had no intention of giving them real independence. (Full article...)
  • Image 2 Fireworks being attached to a hot air balloon at the fireworks competition during Tazaungdaing in Taunggyi The Tazaungdaing Festival (Burmese: တန်ဆောင်တိုင်ပွဲတော်, also known as the Festival of Lights and spelt Tazaungdine Festival), held on the full moon day of Tazaungmon, the eighth month of the Burmese calendar, is celebrated as a national holiday in Myanmar and marks the end of the rainy season. It also marks the beginning of the Kathina (Kahtein in Burmese) season, during which monks are offered new robes and alms. The festival's origins predate the introduction of Buddhism to Burma, and are believed to stem from the Kattika festival, which honors the guardian planets in Indian astrology. (Full article...)
    Image 2

    Fireworks being attached to a hot air balloon at the fireworks competition during Tazaungdaing in Taunggyi

    TheTazaungdaing Festival (Burmese:တန်ဆောင်တိုင်ပွဲတော်, also known as theFestival of Lights and speltTazaungdine Festival), held on thefull moon day ofTazaungmon, the eighth month of theBurmese calendar, is celebrated as anational holiday inMyanmar and marks the end of therainy season. It also marks the beginning of theKathina (Kahtein in Burmese) season, during which monks are offered new robes and alms.

    The festival's origins predate the introduction of Buddhism to Burma, and are believed to stem from theKattika festival, which honors the guardian planets inIndian astrology. (Full article...)
  • Image 3 Location of airport in Myanmar Mandalay International Airport (IATA: MDL, ICAO: VYMD), located 35 km south of Mandalay in Tada-U, is one of three international airports in Myanmar. Completed in 1999, it replaced the old Mandalay Chanmyathazi Airport as the city's main airport and it was the largest and most modern airport in the country until the modernization of Yangon International Airport in 2008. The airport connects 11 domestic and seven international destinations. Its 4,267 m (14,000 ft) runway is the longest runway in use in Southeast Asia and has the capacity to handle up to 3 million passengers a year. (Full article...)
    Image 3

    Location of airport in Myanmar

    Mandalay International Airport (IATA:MDL,ICAO:VYMD), located 35 km south ofMandalay inTada-U, is one of threeinternational airports inMyanmar. Completed in 1999, it replaced the oldMandalay Chanmyathazi Airport as the city's main airport and it was the largest and most modern airport in the country until the modernization ofYangon International Airport in 2008. The airport connects 11 domestic and seven international destinations. Its 4,267 m (14,000 ft) runway is the longest runway in use inSoutheast Asia and has the capacity to handle up to 3 million passengers a year. (Full article...)
  • Image 4 The Provisional Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Burmese: ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် အာဏာသိမ်းခေါင်းဆောင်), was a provisional government for Myanmar appointed by the State Administration Council. On 1 August 2021, it replaced the Management Committee of the State Administration Council, which had been in place since 19 February 2021, following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état. Some ministers were appointed by Min Aung Hlaing immediately following the coup on 1 February, in his capacity as Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services exercising emergency powers. Due to the state of emergency, the cabinet was led by Prime Minister Min Aung Hlaing rather than Acting President Myint Swe, despite the president being the constitutional head of government. (Full article...)
    Image 4

    TheProvisional Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Burmese:ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် အာဏာသိမ်းခေါင်းဆောင်), was aprovisional government forMyanmar appointed by theState Administration Council. On 1 August 2021, it replaced theManagement Committee of the State Administration Council, which had been in place since 19 February 2021, following the2021 Myanmar coup d'état. Some ministers were appointed by Min Aung Hlaing immediately following the coup on 1 February, in his capacity asCommander-in-Chief of Defence Services exercising emergency powers.

    Due to the state of emergency, the cabinet was led by Prime MinisterMin Aung Hlaing rather than Acting PresidentMyint Swe, despite the president being the constitutional head of government. (Full article...)
  • Image 5 Aung San, c. 1940s Aung San (Burmese: အောင်ဆန်း, MLCTS: aung hcan:, pronounced [àʊɰ̃ sʰáɰ̃]; 13 February 1915 – 19 July 1947) was a Burmese politician, independence activist and revolutionary. He was instrumental in Myanmar's struggle for independence from British rule, but he was assassinated just six months before his goal was realized. Aung San is considered to be the founder of modern-day Myanmar and the Tatmadaw (the country's armed forces), and is commonly referred to by the titles "Father of the Nation", "Father of Independence", and "Father of the Tatmadaw". Devoted to ending British Colonial rule in Burma, Aung San founded or was closely associated with many Burmese political groups and movements and explored various schools of political thought throughout his life. He was a life-long anti-imperialist and studied socialism as a student. In his first year of university he was elected to the executive committee of the Rangoon University Students' Union and served as the editor of its newspaper. He joined the Thakin Society in 1938 and served as its general secretary. He also helped establish the Communist Party of Burma in 1939 but quit shortly afterwards due to vehement disagreements with the rest of the party leadership. He subsequently co-founded the People's Revolutionary Party (later the Burma Socialist Party) with the primary goal of Burmese independence from the British. (Full article...)
    Image 5

    Aung San,c. 1940s

    Aung San (Burmese:အောင်ဆန်း,MLCTS:aung hcan:,pronounced[àʊɰ̃sʰáɰ̃]; 13 February 1915 – 19 July 1947) was a Burmese politician, independence activist and revolutionary. He was instrumental inMyanmar's struggle for independence fromBritish rule, but he was assassinated just six months before his goal was realized. Aung San is considered to be the founder of modern-day Myanmar and theTatmadaw (the country's armed forces), and is commonly referred to by the titles "Father of the Nation", "Father of Independence", and "Father of the Tatmadaw".

    Devoted to endingBritish Colonial rule in Burma, Aung San founded or was closely associated with many Burmese political groups and movements and explored various schools of political thought throughout his life. He was a life-long anti-imperialist and studiedsocialism as a student. In his first year of university he was elected to the executive committee of theRangoon University Students' Union and served as the editor of its newspaper. He joined theThakin Society in 1938 and served as its general secretary. He also helped establish theCommunist Party of Burma in 1939 but quit shortly afterwards due to vehement disagreements with the rest of the party leadership. He subsequently co-founded the People's Revolutionary Party (later theBurma Socialist Party) with the primary goal of Burmese independence from the British. (Full article...)
  • Image 6 Map of the 1548–1549 campaign The Burmese–Siamese War (1547–1549) (Burmese: ယိုးဒယား-မြန်မာစစ် (၁၅၄၇–၄၉); Thai: สงครามพม่า-สยาม พ.ศ. 2090–2092), also known as the Shwehti war (Thai: สงครามพระเจ้าตะเบ็งชเวตี้) was the first war fought between the Toungoo dynasty of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam, and the first of the Burmese–Siamese wars that would continue until the middle of the 19th century. The war is notable for the introduction of early modern warfare to the region. It is also notable in Thai history for the death in battle of Siamese Queen Suriyothai on her war elephant; the conflict is often referred to in Thailand as the War that Led to the Loss of Queen Suriyothai (สงครามคราวเสียสมเด็จพระสุริโยไท). The casus belli have been stated as a Burmese attempt to expand their territory eastwards after a political crisis in Ayutthaya as well as an attempt to stop Siamese incursions into the upper Tenasserim coast. The war, according to the Burmese, began in January 1547 when Siamese forces conquered the frontier town of Tavoy (Dawei). Later in the year, the Burmese forces led by Gen. Saw Lagun Ein retook the Upper Tenasserim coast down to Tavoy. Next year, in October 1548, three Burmese armies led by King Tabinshwehti and his deputy Bayinnaung invaded Siam through the Three Pagodas Pass. The Burmese forces penetrated up to the capital city of Ayutthaya but could not take the heavily fortified city. One month into the siege, Siamese counterattacks broke the siege, and drove back the invasion force. A truce was agreed in February 1549. The Burmese negotiated a safe retreat in exchange for the return of two important Siamese nobles (the heir apparent Prince Ramesuan, and Thammaracha of Phitsanulok) whom they had captured. (Full article...)
    Image 6

    Map of the 1548–1549 campaign

    TheBurmese–Siamese War (1547–1549) (Burmese:ယိုးဒယား-မြန်မာစစ် (၁၅၄၇–၄၉);Thai:สงครามพม่า-สยาม พ.ศ. 2090–2092), also known as theShwehti war (Thai:สงครามพระเจ้าตะเบ็งชเวตี้) was the first war fought between theToungoo dynasty ofBurma and theAyutthaya Kingdom ofSiam, and the first of theBurmese–Siamese wars that would continue until the middle of the 19th century. The war is notable for the introduction ofearly modern warfare to the region. It is also notable inThai history for the death in battle of SiameseQueen Suriyothai on herwar elephant; the conflict is often referred to inThailand as theWar that Led to the Loss of Queen Suriyothai (สงครามคราวเสียสมเด็จพระสุริโยไท).

    Thecasus belli have been stated as a Burmese attempt to expand their territory eastwards after a political crisis in Ayutthaya as well as an attempt to stop Siamese incursions into the upperTenasserim coast. The war, according to the Burmese, began in January 1547 when Siamese forces conquered the frontier town ofTavoy (Dawei). Later in the year, theBurmese forces led by Gen.Saw Lagun Ein retook the Upper Tenasserim coast down to Tavoy. Next year, in October 1548, three Burmese armies led by KingTabinshwehti and his deputyBayinnaung invaded Siam through theThree Pagodas Pass. The Burmese forces penetrated up to the capitalcity of Ayutthaya but could not take the heavily fortified city. One month into the siege, Siamese counterattacks broke the siege, and drove back the invasion force. A truce was agreed in February 1549. The Burmese negotiated a safe retreat in exchange for the return of two important Siamese nobles (the heir apparentPrince Ramesuan, andThammaracha ofPhitsanulok) whom they had captured. (Full article...)
  • Image 7 The State Peace and Development Council (Burmese: နိုင်ငံတော် အေးချမ်းသာယာရေး နှင့် ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး ကောင်စီ [nàɪɰ̃ŋàɰ̃dɔ̀ ʔédʑáɰ̃θàjajé n̥ḭɰ̃ pʰʊ̰ɰ̃bjó jé kaʊ̀ɰ̃sì]; abbreviated SPDC or နအဖ, [na̰ʔa̰pʰa̰]) was the official name of the stratocratic government of Burma (Myanmar), a military junta which, in 1997, succeeded the State Law and Order Restoration Council (Burmese: နိုင်ငံတော် ငြိမ်ဝပ်ပိပြားမှု တည်ဆောက်ရေးအဖွဲ့; abbreviated SLORC or နဝတ) that had seized power under the rule of Saw Maung in 1988. On 30 March 2011, Senior General and Council Chairman Than Shwe signed a decree that officially dissolved the council. SLORC succeeded the Pyithu Hluttaw as a legislature and the Council of State as a ruling council, after dissolving the state organs of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma. In 1997, SLORC was abolished and reconstituted as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). The powerful regional military commanders, who were members of SLORC, were promoted to new positions and transferred to the capital of Rangoon (now Yangon). The new regional military commanders were not included in the membership of the SPDC. (Full article...)
    Image 7
    TheState Peace and Development Council (Burmese:နိုင်ငံတော် အေးချမ်းသာယာရေး နှင့် ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး ကောင်စီ[nàɪɰ̃ŋàɰ̃dɔ̀ʔédʑáɰ̃θàjajén̥ḭɰ̃pʰʊ̰ɰ̃bjójékaʊ̀ɰ̃sì]; abbreviatedSPDC orနအဖ,[na̰ʔa̰pʰa̰]) was the official name of thestratocratic government ofBurma (Myanmar), amilitary junta which, in 1997, succeeded theState Law and Order Restoration Council (Burmese:နိုင်ငံတော် ငြိမ်ဝပ်ပိပြားမှု တည်ဆောက်ရေးအဖွဲ့; abbreviatedSLORC orနဝတ) that had seized power under the rule ofSaw Maung in 1988. On 30 March 2011,Senior General and Council ChairmanThan Shwe signed a decree that officially dissolved the council.

    SLORC succeeded thePyithu Hluttaw as a legislature and theCouncil of State as a ruling council, after dissolving the state organs of theSocialist Republic of the Union of Burma. In 1997, SLORC was abolished and reconstituted as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). The powerful regional military commanders, who were members of SLORC, were promoted to new positions and transferred to the capital of Rangoon (nowYangon). The new regional military commanders were not included in the membership of the SPDC. (Full article...)
  • Image 8 သာသနာ့အလံတော် Flag of the Buddha Sāsana Buddhism (Burmese: ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ), specifically Theravada branch (Burmese: ထေရဝါဒဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ), is the official and state religion of Myanmar since 1961, and practiced by nearly 87% of the population. It is the most religious Buddhist country in terms of the proportion of monks in the population and proportion of income spent on religion. With approximately 48 million Buddhists, Myanmar has the fourth largest Buddhist population in the world, after China, Thailand and Japan. Adherents are most likely found among the Bamar, Shan, Rakhine, Mon, Karen, and Chinese who are well integrated into Burmese society. Monks, collectively known as the sangha (community), are venerated members of Burmese society. Among many ethnic groups in Myanmar, including the Bamar and Shan, Theravada Buddhism is practiced in conjunction with the worship of nats, which are spirits who can intercede in worldly affairs. Buddhists in Myanmar are governed by Burmese customary law. Regarding the practice of Buddhism, two popular practices stand out: merit-making and vipassanā meditation. There is also the less popular weizza path. Merit-making is the most common path undertaken by Burmese Buddhists. This path involves the observance of the Five precepts and accumulation of good merit through charity (dana, often to monks) and good deeds to obtain a favorable rebirth. The meditation path, which has gained ground since the early 20th century, is a form of Buddhist meditation which is seen as leading to awakening and can involve intense meditation retreats. The weizza path is an esoteric system of occult practices (such as recitation of spells, samatha and alchemy) believed to lead to life as a weizza (Burmese: ဝိဇ္ဇာ Pali: vijjā), a semi-immortal and supernatural being who awaits the appearance of the future Buddha, Maitreya (Burmese: အရိမေ‌တ္တေယျ Pali: Arimetteyya). (Full article...)
    Image 8

    သာသနာ့အလံတော်
    Flag of the Buddha Sāsana

    Buddhism (Burmese:ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ), specificallyTheravada branch (Burmese:ထေရဝါဒဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ), is the official andstate religion ofMyanmar since 1961, and practiced by nearly 87% of the population. It is the most religious Buddhist country in terms of the proportion of monks in the population and proportion of income spent on religion. With approximately 48 million Buddhists, Myanmar has thefourth largest Buddhist population in the world, afterChina,Thailand andJapan. Adherents are most likely found among theBamar,Shan,Rakhine,Mon,Karen, andChinese who are well integrated into Burmese society.Monks, collectively known as thesangha (community), are venerated members of Burmese society. Among many ethnic groups in Myanmar, including the Bamar and Shan, Theravada Buddhism is practiced in conjunction with the worship ofnats, which are spirits who can intercede in worldly affairs. Buddhists in Myanmar are governed byBurmese customary law.

    Regarding the practice of Buddhism, two popular practices stand out:merit-making andvipassanā meditation. There is also the less popularweizza path. Merit-making is the most common path undertaken by Burmese Buddhists. This path involves the observance of theFive precepts and accumulation of goodmerit through charity (dana, often to monks) and good deeds to obtain a favorablerebirth. The meditation path, which has gained ground since the early 20th century, is a form of Buddhist meditation which is seen as leading toawakening and can involve intensemeditation retreats. The weizza path is an esoteric system of occult practices (such as recitation of spells,samatha and alchemy) believed to lead to life as aweizza (Burmese:ဝိဇ္ဇာPali:vijjā), a semi-immortal and supernatural being who awaits the appearance of thefuture Buddha,Maitreya (Burmese:အရိမေ‌တ္တေယျPali:Arimetteyya). (Full article...)
  • Image 9 A KNLA medic treats IDPs in Hpapun District, Kayin State. The Karen conflict is an armed conflict in Kayin State, Myanmar (formerly known as Karen State, Burma). It is part of the wider internal conflict in Myanmar between the military government and various minority groups. Karen nationalists have been fighting for an independent state, known as Kawthoolei, since 1949. The Karen National Union (KNU) and its Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA) are the most prominent Karen rebel groups. Hundreds of thousands of civilians have been displaced by the conflict, many of whom fled to neighbouring Thailand and survive in refugee camps. Tensions between the Karen and the Bamar ethnic majority in Myanmar have existed since the British colonial era, based on the British 'direct and indirect rule' policy and Karen soldiers' roles in putting down Burmese rebellions in the late 19th century. Around the time of Burmese independence, the Karen National Defence Organisation (KNDO) was formed as an armed wing of the Karen National Union (KNU) to put down a communist rebellion. After the Burmese government settled for peace and allowed communist back into national politics, a series of tensions, escalations and battles led to the KNU declaring formally war on the Burmese government on 31 January 1949. (Full article...)
    Image 9

    A KNLA medic treatsIDPs inHpapun District, Kayin State.

    TheKaren conflict is an armed conflict inKayin State,Myanmar (formerly known as Karen State, Burma). It is part of the widerinternal conflict in Myanmar between the military government and various minority groups.Karen nationalists have been fighting for an independent state, known asKawthoolei, since 1949. TheKaren National Union (KNU) and itsKaren National Liberation Army (KNLA) are the most prominent Karen rebel groups. Hundreds of thousands of civilians have been displaced by the conflict, many of whom fled to neighbouringThailand and survive in refugee camps.

    Tensions between the Karen and theBamar ethnic majority in Myanmar have existed since theBritish colonial era, based on the British 'direct and indirect rule' policy and Karen soldiers' roles in putting down Burmese rebellions in the late 19th century. Around the time ofBurmese independence, theKaren National Defence Organisation (KNDO) was formed as an armed wing of theKaren National Union (KNU) to put down acommunist rebellion. After the Burmese government settled for peace and allowed communist back into national politics, a series of tensions, escalations and battles led to the KNU declaring formally war on the Burmese government on 31 January 1949. (Full article...)
  • Image 10 Myanmar (formerly Burma) is a Buddhist majority country with a significant minority of Christians and other groups residing in the country. Buddhism is a part of Myanmar culture. Section 361 of the Constitution states that "The Union recognizes the special position of Buddhism as the faith professed by the great majority of the citizens of the Union." According to the 2014 census of the Burmese government Buddhism is the dominant religion, of 87.9% of the population, practiced especially by the Bamar, Rakhine, Shan, Mon and Chinese ethnic groups. Bamar people also practice the Burmese folk religion under the name of Buddhism. The 2008 constitution provides for the freedom of religion; however, it also grants broad exceptions that allow the regime to restrict these rights at will. (Full article...)
    Image 10
    Myanmar (formerly Burma) is aBuddhist majority country with a significant minority ofChristians and other groups residing in the country.

    Buddhism is a part of Myanmar culture. Section 361 of theConstitution states that "The Union recognizes the special position ofBuddhism as the faith professed by the great majority of the citizens of the Union."
    According to the 2014 census of the Burmese governmentBuddhism is the dominant religion, of 87.9% of the population, practiced especially by theBamar,Rakhine,Shan,Mon andChinese ethnic groups. Bamar people also practice theBurmese folk religion under the name of Buddhism. The 2008 constitution provides for the freedom of religion; however, it also grants broad exceptions that allow the regime to restrict these rights at will. (Full article...)

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