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Mexico
Flag Coat of arms
Location	Southern portion ofNorth America

Mexico, officially theUnited Mexican States, is a country inNorth America. It is the northernmost country inLatin America and borders theUnited States to the north, andGuatemala andBelize to the southeast; while havingmaritime boundaries with thePacific Ocean to the west, theCaribbean Sea to the southeast, and theGulf of Mexico to the east. Mexico covers 1,972,550 km² (761,610 sq mi), and is thethirteenth-largest country in the world by land area. With a population exceeding 130 million, Mexico is thetenth-most populous country in the world and is home to thelargest number of native Spanish speakers as of 2020.Mexico City is the capital andlargest city, which ranks among themost populous metropolitan areas in the world.

Human presence in Mexico dates back to at least 8,000 BC.Mesoamerica, considered acradle of civilization, was home to numerous advanced societies, including theOlmecs,Maya,Zapotecs,Teotihuacan civilization, andPurépecha.Spanish colonization began in 1521 with an alliance thatdefeated theAztec Empire, establishing the colony ofNew Spain with its capital atTenochtitlan, now Mexico City. New Spain became a major center of the transoceanic economy during theAge of Discovery, fueled bysilver mining and its position as ahub between Europe and Asia. This gave rise to one of the largest multiracial populations in the world. ThePeninsular War led to the 1810–1821Mexican War of Independence, which ended Peninsular rule and led to the creation of theFirst Mexican Empire, which quickly collapsed into the short-livedFirst Mexican Republic. In 1848, Mexicolost nearly half its territory to theAmerican invasion.Liberal reforms set in theConstitution of 1857 led tocivil war andFrench intervention, culminating in the establishment of theSecond Mexican Empire underEmperor Maximilian I of Austria, who was overthrown by Republican forces led byBenito Juárez. The late 19th century sawthe long dictatorship ofPorfirio Díaz, whose modernization policies came at the cost of severe social unrest. The 1910–1920Mexican Revolution led to the overthrow of Díaz and the adoption of the1917 Constitution. Mexico experiencedrapid industrialization and economic growth in the 1940s–1970s, amidstelectoral fraud, theTlatelolco massacre, and economic crises. The late 20th century saw a shift towardsneoliberalism, marked by the signing of theNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, amidstunrest in Chiapas. (Full article...)

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The campaigns of the Texas Revolution

TheTexas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) was a rebellion by Anglo-American immigrants as well as Hispanic Texans (known asTexians andTejanos respectively) against thecentralist government of Mexico in the Mexican state ofCoahuila y Tejas. The uprising was part of a largerrevolt against the Centralist Republic of Mexico that included other provinces opposed to the regime of PresidentAntonio López de Santa Anna. TheMexican Congress passed theTornel Decree, declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops "will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag". Only the province of Texas succeeded in breaking with Mexico, establishing theRepublic of Texas. It was eventually annexed by the United States about a decade later. (Full article...)

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TheNational Autonomous University of Mexico (Spanish:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,UNAM) is apublicresearch university inMexico. It has several campuses inMexico City, and many others in various locations across Mexico, as well as a presence in nine countries. It also has 34 research institutes, 26 museums, and 18 historic sites. With more than 324,413 students, UNAM is one of theworld's largest universities.

A portion ofCiudad Universitaria (University City), UNAM's main campus inMexico City, is aUNESCO World Heritage site that was designed and decorated by some of Mexico's best-known architects and painters. The campus hosted the main events of the1968 Summer Olympics, and was the birthplace of thestudent movement of 1968. All MexicanNobel laureates have been alumni of UNAM. In 2009, the university was awarded thePrince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities. More than 25% of the total scientific papers published by Mexican academics come from researchers at UNAM. (Full article...)

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TheMexican National Trios Championship (Campeonato Nacional de Tríos inSpanish) is a three-mantag teamprofessional wrestlingchampionship, sanctioned by the "Comisión de Box y Lucha Libre Mexico D.F." (Mexico City Boxing and WrestlingCommission), which oversees all matches where the championship is defended. Since its creation in 1985 the championship has been promoted by several major Mexican wrestling promotions,Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL),Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) and is currently promoted byConsejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL, formerly EMLL). The change from promotion to promotion was approved by the commission if the trios champions left one promotion to work for the other. As it is a professional wrestling championship, it is not won or lost competitively, but instead by the decision of thebookers of a wrestling promotion. The title is awarded to a team after the team "wins" a match to maintain the illusion that professional wrestling is a competitive sport. All title matches take place undertwo-out-of-three falls rules.

In the early 1980s thesix-man tag team match became very popular in Mexico, to the point where that match format is the most prevalent format inLucha Libre today. TheUniversal Wrestling Association created theUWA World Trios Championship in 1984 and the Boxing and Wrestling Commission created the Mexican National Trios Championship in 1985, making it only the second Trios championship in Mexico. Control of the championship was given to EMLL, the UWA's main rival at the time, with the commission retaining oversight and approval of the championship matches. In 1993 then championsLos Infernales ("The Infernal Ones";MS-1,Pirata Morgan, andEl Satánico) left EMLL to join AAA, taking the trios championship with them after approval by the commission. In the late 1990s the championship was not promoted on a regular basis by AAA and appeared inactive until the champions,Blue Panther,Fuerza Guerrera, andEl Signo, joined CMLL in 2001 and lost the championship to a CMLL team. From that point forward the championship has been controlled by CMLL once more.The current champions areLos Herederos (Felino Jr., Hijo del Stuka Jr., and El Cobarde), who are in their first reign as a team and individually. They won the titles by defeatingLos Viajeros Del Espacios (Futuro,Hombre Bala Jr. andMax Star) atCMLL Lunes Clasico on June 16, 2025 inPuebla, Mexico; they are the 46th overall champions.Los Reyes de la Atlantida hold the record for most reigns as a team, with three reigns in total, while Atlantis, Delta andVolador Jr. holds the individual record with four reigns each. (Full article...)

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Official portrait, 1988

Carlos Salinas de Gortari (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈkaɾlossaˈlinasðeɣoɾˈtaɾi]; born 3 April 1948) is aMexican economist, historian and former politician who served as the 60thpresident of Mexico from 1988 to 1994. He is considered the frontman of Mexicanneoliberalism, responsible for formulating, promoting, signing and implementing theNorth American Free Trade Agreement. Affiliated with theInstitutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), earlier in his career he worked in the Secretariat of Programming and Budget, eventually becoming Secretary. He secured the party's nomination for the1988 general election and was elected amid widespread accusations of electoral fraud.

Aneconomist, Salinas de Gortari was the first Mexican president since 1946 who was not alaw graduate. His presidency was characterized by the entrenchment of theneoliberal,free trade economic policies initiated by his predecessorMiguel de la Madrid in observance of theWashington Consensus, massprivatizations of state-run companies and thereprivatization of the banks, Mexico's entry intoNAFTA, negotiations with the right-wing opposition partyPAN to recognize their victories in state and local elections in exchange for supporting Salinas' policies, normalization of relations with theCatholic clergy, and the adoption ofa new currency. From the beginning of his administration, Salinas de Gortari was criticized by the Mexican left, who considered him an illegitimate president whose neoliberal policies led to higher unemployment and were perceived as giving away the wealth of the nation to foreign ownership, whereas he was praised by the right wing and the international community, who considered him a leading figure ofglobalization and credited him with modernizing the country. Salinas was also backed by theUnited States government in his bid for Director-General of the newly createdWorld Trade Organization (WTO). (Full article...)

In the news

10 February 2026 –United States embargo against Cuba,Cuba–Mexico relations,Canada–Mexico relationsUnited States trade war with Canada and Mexico

Mexico confirms it has suspended all shipments of fuel toCuba to avoid punitivetariffs by the United States which is enforcing an oilblockade of the island, while vowing to continue shipments ofhumanitarian aid.(AA)

CanadianairlinesAir Transat andWestJet suspend all flights to Cuba amid ashortage of fuel forcommercial aviation, and say efforts are underway to returnCanadians stranded on the island.(Bloomberg)

10 February 2026 –

APemex-ownedpipeline explodes inOaxaca,Mexico, killing three people and injuring six others.(Reuters)

9 February 2026 –United States embargo against Cuba

Mexico deploys twonavy vessels, including theARMPapaloapan, carrying more than 800 tonnes ofhumanitarian aid to Cuba amid criticalshortages on the island.(Mexico News Daily)

9 February 2026 –Missing persons in Mexico

The bodies of three employees abducted from amining facility inSinaloa,Mexico, are recovered after being taken on January 23, while authorities continue searching for the remaining seven missing workers.(AFP via France 24)

6 February 2026 –

Bodies and remains are found in an area where search and rescue operations are ongoing for 10 missing workers kidnapped from a Canadian gold and silver mine inSinaloa,Mexico, on January 28. Four people are arrested.(CP24)

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  Image 1Shield Jaguar andLady Xoc, Maya, lintel 24 of temple 23, Yaxchilan, Mexico, ca. 725 ce. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 2Liberación (Liberation).Jorge González Camarena. 1908. (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 3Exconvento (Ex-convent), byJosé María Velasco. 1860. (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 4Chihuahua Cathedral and a monument to the city's founder,Antonio Deza y Ulloa (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 5Battle of Miahuatlán took place on 3 October 1866. The liberal victory atMiahuatlán was significant because it allowed them to consolidate their control over southern Mexico. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 6Gilberto Bosques Saldívar took the initiative to rescue tens of thousands of Jews andSpanish Republican exiles from being deported toNazi Germany or Spain. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 7Plaza de las Tres Culturas (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 8Lázaro Cárdenas mural (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 9Olmec colossal (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 10Chapultepec, more commonly called the "Bosque de Chapultepec" (ChapultepecForest) (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 11Three world leaders: (background, left to right) Mexican PresidentCarlos Salinas de Gortari, U.S. PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush, and Canadian Prime MinisterBrian Mulroney, observe the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 12Quechquemitl from Hidalgo at theMuseo de Arte Popular in Mexico City (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 13Panel 3 from Cancuen, Guatemala, representing king T'ah 'ak' Cha'an (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 14Victoriano Huerta, ruler of Mexico from 1913 to 1914 (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 15Plutarco Elías Calles politician and revolutionary general who served as President of Mexico from 1924 to 1928, known for his role in shaping modern Mexico through reforms and the consolidation of state power. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 16Chacmool, Maya, from the Platform of the Eagles, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–90 CE (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 17"The Torture ofCuauhtémoc", a 19th-century painting byLeandro Izaguirre (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 18Comanchería, territory controlled by the Comanches, prior to 1850 (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 19GeneralPancho Villa at the entrance of Ojinaga (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 20Fireworks in Mexico City forNew Year's Day. (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 21A map of Mexico 1845 after Texas annexation by the U.S. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 22TheVolkswagen Beetle, known in Mexico as the "Vocho," is perhaps the most iconic classic car in the country. Its production in Mexico began in 1967, and it continued until 2003, making it a symbol of Mexican automotive culture. (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 23Award of the Association of Theater Critics and Journalists. (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 24Variegated maize ears (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 25Buffalo Soldiers of the American10th Cavalry Regiment taken prisoner during theBattle of Carrizal, Mexico in 1916. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 26Cabinet Officers ofAndrés Manuel López Obrador (left) and ofEnrique Peña Nieto (right). (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 27Ignacio Comonfort significant role during the tumultuous period of the mid-19th century, including the Reform War and early stages of the Mexican Republic's transition. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 28GeneralSanta Anna known for his leadership during the Texas Revolution, Mexican-American War, and turbulent periods of Mexican history marked by political instability and territorial losses. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 29Goddess, mural painting from the Tetitla apartment complex at Teotihuacan, Mexico, 650–750 CE (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 30David Huerta is a contemporary philosopher and poet who examines human existence, freedom, and meaning in Mexican society, blending philosophy with art and literature. (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 31The Castillo, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–900 CE (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 32Agustín de Iturbide the firstEmperor of Mexico in 1822 after leading the Mexican War of Independence against Spain, but his reign was short-lived, lasting only until 1823 when he abdicated, and Mexico transitioned to a republic. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 33President Carranza inLa Cañada, Querétaro, January 22, 1916. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 34Subcomandante Marcos (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 35President Obregón. Note that he lost his right arm in theBattle of Celaya (1915), earning him the nickname ofManco de Celaya ("the one-armed man of Celaya"). (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 36Singer and actor Pedro Infante, one of the leading figures of theGolden Age of Mexican Cinema. (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 37Silkrebozo from Santa María del Río, SLP on a mannequin at the Feria de Rebozo inTenancingo, State of Mexico. (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 38Sawdust carpet made during "The night no one sleeps" in Huamantla, Tlaxcala (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 39April 2, 1867. Entry of GeneralPorfirio Díaz intoPuebla. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 40PresidentVicente Fox with Prime Minister of IndiaManmohan Singh (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 41ViceroyJosé de Iturrigaray (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 42Pear,Quince andPsidiumcajeta. In 2010 declared theBicentennial Dessert of Mexico. (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 43Entry into Mexico City by the Mexican army (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 44The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, 19 June 1867. Gen.Tomás Mejía, left, Maximilian, center, Gen.Miguel Miramón, right. Painting byÉdouard Manet 1868. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 45Distribution of linguistic groups around 1500. (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 46PresidentFelipe Calderón with President of BrazilLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 47U.S. PresidentBarack Obama and Mexican President-ElectEnrique Peña Nieto during their meet at theWhite House following Peña Nieto'selection victory. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 48Dining table, painted between 1857 y 1859, oleo sobre tela (oil on canvas) byAgustín Arrieta (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 49TheZócalo (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 50Cerro del Cubilete ("Dice Cup Hill"). At the top of the hill is theCristo Rey (Christ theKing) statue. (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 51The firstBraceros arrive inLos Angeles by train in 1942. Photograph byDorothea Lange. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 52Matches between Club América and Cruz Azul at theEstadio Azteca, known as the "Clásico Joven." (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 53Portrait and book bySor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Baroque poet and writer. (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 54Toltec carving representing the Aztec Eagle, found inVeracruz, 10th–13th century.Metropolitan Museum of Art. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 55La huida a Egipto (The Flight into Egypt).Miguel Cabrera, around 1700. (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 56La leyenda de los volcanes (The legend of the volcanoes).Saturnino Herrán. 1910–1912. (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 57Mexican Central Railway train at station, Mexico (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 58A statue of aChichimeca Warrior in the city ofQuerétaro (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 59Battle of Tampico (1829) a conflict between Mexican forces led by General Antonio López de Santa Anna and Spanish loyalists attempting to reconquer Mexico, resulting in a decisive Mexican victory that further solidified Mexico's independence from Spain. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 60Teotihuacan view of the Avenue of the Dead and thePyramid of the Sun, from thePyramid of the Moon (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 61Mexican Army troops in theZócalo in the 1968Tlatelolco massacre. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 62Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 63José Pablo Moncayo known for his orchestral works, particularly "Huapango" (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 64Modern group monument ofCortés,Doña Marina, and theirmestizo son Martín (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 65The1985 Mexico City earthquake (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 66Colossal atlantids, pyramid B, Toltec, Tula, Mexico, ca. 900–1180 AD (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 67Battle of Centla, the first time a horse was used in battle in a war in the Americas. Mural in the Palacio Municipal of Paraíso,Tabasco (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 68Logo of thePartido Nacional Revolucionario, with the colors of the Mexican flag (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 69Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790 (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 70Equestrian statue of Charles IV inMexico City (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 71Porfirio Díaz dominant Mexican political and military figure who served as President for much of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by his long rule and the modernization efforts known as the Porfiriato. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 72Murals of Bonampak (between 580 and 800 AD) (fromCulture of Mexico)
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  Image 73El Chapo in US custody after his extradition from Mexico. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 74Surrender ofSanta Anna byWilliam Henry Huddle shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a woundedSam Houston in 1836. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 75A unit of Cristeros preparing for battle. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 76Making cigarettes in theEl Buen Tono factory, Mexico City (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 77The logo ofNacional Financiera (NAFIN), the state development bank. (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 78Mexico City street market (fromHistory of Mexico)
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  Image 79"TheFall of the Alamo" byRobert Jenkins Onderdonk (fromHistory of Mexico)

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