Malcolm X (bornMalcolm Little, laterel-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965) was anAfrican American revolutionary andBlack nationalist leader who rose from a background of poverty, family disruption, and criminal activity to a prominent figure during thecivil rights movement untilhis assassination in 1965. He discovered the religious organization theNation of Islam while in prison and served as its spokesperson from 1952 until 1964. He was also a vocal advocate forBlack empowerment and the promotion ofIslam within the African American community. A controversial figure accused of preaching violence, Malcolm X is also a celebrated figure withBlack people andMuslims worldwide for his pursuit ofracial justice.
Malcolm spent his adolescence living in a series offoster homes and with various relatives, after his father's death and his mother's hospitalization. He committed various crimes, being sentenced to eight to ten years in prison in 1946 forlarceny and burglary. In prison, he joined the Nation of Islam, adopting the name Malcolm X to symbolize his unknown African ancestral surname while discarding "the whiteslavemaster name of 'Little'", and after his parole in 1952, he quickly became one of the organization's most influential leaders. He was the public face of the organization for 12 years, advocating black empowerment andseparation of Black and white Americans, as well as criticizingMartin Luther King Jr. and the mainstream civil rights movement for its emphasis on non-violence andracial integration. Malcolm X also expressed pride in some of the Nation's social welfare achievements, such as its freedrug rehabilitation program. From the 1950s onward, Malcolm X was subjected to surveillance by theFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). (Full article...)
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Scene fromSiyer-i Nebi, Hamza and Ali leading the Muslim armies at Badr. The writing isOttomanNaskh.
TheBattle of Badr or sometimes calledThe Raid of Badr (Arabic:غَزْوَةُ بَدْرٍ[ɣazwatubadr];Ghazwahu Badr), also referred to asThe Day of the Criterion (Arabic:يَوْمُ الْفُرْقَانْ,Arabic pronunciation:[jawm'ulfur'qaːn];Yawm al-Furqan) in theQur'an and byMuslims, was fought on 13 March 624 CE (17Ramadan, 2AH), near the present-day city ofBadr,Al Madinah Province inSaudi Arabia.Muhammad, commanding an army of hisSahaba, defeated an army of theQuraysh led byAmr ibn Hishām, better known among Muslims asAbu Jahl. The battle marked the beginning of the six-year war betweenMuhammad and his tribe. The Battle of Badr took place after five or six unsuccessful attempts by the Muslims to intercept and raid Meccan trade caravans between 623 and early 624 CE.
Muhammad took keen interest in capturing Meccan caravans and their wealth afterhis migration to Medina. A few days before the battle, when he learnt of a Makkan caravan returning from theLevant led byAbu Sufyan ibn Harb, Muhammad gathered a smallexpeditionary force to raid it. Abu Sufyan, learning of the Muslim plan toambush his caravan, changed course and took a longer route away from Muhammad's base atMedina and sent a messenger to Mecca, asking for help. Amr ibn Hisham commanded an army nearly one-thousand strong, approaching Badr and encamping at the sand dune al-'Udwatul Quswa. (Full article...)
Abū Bakr al-Rāzī, also known asRhazes (full name:أبو بکر محمد بن زکریاء الرازي,Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyāʾ al-Rāzī), 864 or 865 – 925 or 935 CE, was a Persian physician, philosopher and alchemist who lived during theIslamic Golden Age. He is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of medicine, and also wrote onlogic,astronomy andgrammar. He is also known for hiscriticism of religion, especially with regard to the concepts ofprophethood andrevelation. However, thereligio-philosophical aspects of his thought, which also included a belief in five "eternal principles", are fragmentary and only reported by authors who were often hostile to him.
A comprehensive thinker, al-Razi made fundamental and enduring contributions to various fields, which he recorded in over 200 manuscripts, and is particularly remembered for numerous advances in medicine through hisobservations and discoveries. An early proponent ofexperimental medicine, he became a successful doctor, and served as chief physician ofBaghdad andRay hospitals. As a teacher ofmedicine, he attracted students of all backgrounds and interests and was said to be compassionate and devoted to the service of his patients, whether rich or poor. Along withThābit ibn Qurra (836–901), he was one of the first to clinically distinguish betweensmallpox andmeasles. (Full article...)
Originally, mosques were simple places of prayer for theearly Muslims, and may have been open spaces rather than elaborate buildings. In the first stage ofIslamic architecture (650–750 CE), early mosques comprised open and closed covered spaces enclosed by walls, often withminarets, from which theIslamic call to prayer was issued on a daily basis. It is typical of mosque buildings to have a special ornamental niche (amihrab) set into the wall in the direction of the city ofMecca (theqibla), which Muslims must face during prayer, as well as a facility for ritual cleansing (wudu). The pulpit (minbar), from which public sermons (khutbah) are delivered on the event ofFriday prayer, was, in earlier times, characteristic of the central city mosque, but has since become common in smaller mosques. To varying degrees, mosque buildings are designed so that there aresegregated spaces for men and women. This basic pattern of organization has assumed different forms depending on the region, period, andIslamic denomination. (Full article...)
Throughoutits long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice,besieged 23 times, captured and recaptured 44 times, and attacked 52 times. The part of Jerusalem called theCity of David shows first signs of settlement in the 4th millennium BCE, in the shape of encampments of nomadic shepherds. During theCanaanite period (14th century BCE) Jerusalem was named asUrusalim onancient Egyptian tablets, probably meaning "City ofShalem" after aCanaanite deity. During theIsraelite period, significant construction activity in Jerusalem began in the 10th century BCE (Iron Age II), and by the 9th century BCE the city had developed into the religious and administrative centre of theKingdom of Judah. In 1538 thecity walls were rebuilt for a last time around Jerusalem underSuleiman the Magnificent of theOttoman Empire. Today those walls define theOld City, which since the 19th century has been divided into four quarters—theArmenian,Christian,Jewish andMuslim quarters. The Old City became aWorld Heritage Site in 1981, and is on theList of World Heritage in Danger. Since 1860Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old City's boundaries. In 2023 Jerusalem had apopulation of 1,028,366.[1] In 2022 60% were Jews and almost 40% were Palestinians. In 2020 the population was 951,100, of which Jews comprised 570,100 (59.9%), Muslims 353,800 (37.2%), Christians 16,300 (1.7%) and 10,800 unclassified (1.1%). (Full article...)
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Noah's Ark (1846), by the American folk painterEdward Hicks
The story in Genesis is based on earlierMesopotamianflood myths. The myth of the global flood that destroys all life begins to appear in theOld Babylonian Empire period (20th–16th centuries BCE). The version closest to the biblical story of Noah, as well as its most likely source, is that ofUtnapishtim in theEpic of Gilgamesh. Scholars note shared themes, dimensions, and language but different causes for the flood. Scholars also link its structure to theJewish Temple. (Full article...)
TheSecond Crusade (1147–1149) was the second majorcrusade launched from Europe. The Second Crusade was started in response to thefall of theCounty of Edessa in 1144 to theSeljuk forces ofZengi. The county had been founded during theFirst Crusade (1096–1099) byBaldwin in 1098. While it was the firstCrusader state to be founded, it was also the first to fall.
The Second Crusade was announced byPope Eugene III and was led in the east by European kingsLouis VII of France andConrad III of Germany, with help from other European nobles. The armies of the two kings marched separately across Europe. After crossingByzantine territory intoAnatolia, both armies were separately defeated by theSeljuk Turks. The main Western Christian source,Odo of Deuil, andSyriac Christian sources claim that the Byzantine EmperorManuel I Komnenos secretly hindered the Crusaders' progress, particularly in Anatolia, where he is alleged to have deliberately ordered Turks to attack them. However, this alleged sabotage was likely fabricated by Odo, who saw the empire as an obstacle; moreover, Emperor Manuel had no political reason to do so. Louis and Conrad reachedJerusalem in 1148, where the remnants of their armies participated in an ill-advisedattack on Damascus that ended in their retreat. Crusader efforts were successful inIberia, where several territories—includingLisbon, the future capital of thePortuguese Empire—were conquered. (Full article...)
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First edition
The Autobiography of Malcolm X is anautobiography written byMuslim American minister and activistMalcolm X in collaboration with American journalistAlex Haley. It was released posthumously on October 29, 1965, nine months after hisassassination. Haleycoauthored the book based on a series of in-depth interviews he conducted between 1963 and 1965. TheAutobiography is areligious conversion narrative which outlines Malcolm X's philosophy ofBlack pride,Black nationalism, andpan-Africanism. After Malcolm X was killed, Haley wrote the book's epilogue, which describes their collaborative process and the events at the end of Malcolm's life.
While Malcolm X and scholars contemporary to its publication regarded Haley as the book'sghostwriter, modern scholars tend to regard him as an essential collaborator who intentionally muted his authorial voice in order to create the effect of Malcolm X speaking directly to readers. Haley influenced some of Malcolm X's stylistic choices. For example, Malcolm X left theNation of Islam during the period when he was working on the book with Haley. Rather than rewriting earlier chapters as apolemic against the Nation, which Malcolm X had rejected, Haley persuaded him to favor a style of "suspense and drama". According to biographerManning Marable, "Haley was particularly worried about what he viewed as Malcolm X'santi-Semitism" and rewrote material to eliminate it. (Full article...)
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The Great Mosque's signature trio of minarets overlooks the central market of Djenné.
Iqbal was born and raised inSialkot,Punjab,British India and studied atScotch Mission College in Sialkot andGovernment College inLahore. He taught Arabic at theOriental College, Lahore, from 1899 until 1903, during which time he wrote prolifically. Notable among hisUrdu poems from this period are "Parinde Ki Faryad" ("A Bird's Prayer"), an early contemplation on animal rights, and "Tarana-e-Hindi" ("Anthem of the Indians"), a patriotic poem—both composed for children. In 1905, he departed from India to pursue further education inEurope, first inEngland and later inGermany. In England, he earned a second BA atTrinity College, Cambridge, and subsequently qualified as a barrister atLincoln's Inn. In Germany, he obtained aPhD in philosophy at theUniversity of Munich, with his thesis focusing on "The Development of Metaphysics in Persia" in 1908. Upon his return to Lahore in 1908, Iqbal established a law practice but primarily focused on producing scholarly works on politics, economics, history, philosophy, and religion. He is most renowned for his poetic compositions, including "Asrar-e-Khudi," "Rumuz-e-Bekhudi," and "Bang-e-Dara." His literary works in thePersian language garnered him recognition inIran. (Full article...)
Image 2TheFaisal Mosque (Urdu:فیصل مسجد) is amosque located inIslamabad,Pakistan. It is Located on the foothills ofMargalla Hills inIslamabad, the mosque features a contemporary design consisting of eight sides of concrete shell and is inspired by aBedouin tent, and is considered to be the city's main Landmark.
Image 4A young woman fromRamallah, c. 1898-1914. Until the 1940s, women ofPalestine wore elaborate handcraftedgarments. The creation and maintenance of these items played a significant role in their lives. A knowledgeable observer could determine a woman's village of origin and social status from her clothing. The circular band near this woman's forehead is a ring of coins made from a portion of herdowry money, and indicates that she is unmarried.
Image 5TheSixty Dome Mosque is a medievalmosque located inBagerhat, Bangladesh, built by Muslim saintKhan Jahan Ali in mid 15th century. This unique masonry mosque with 81 domes (including 4 corner domes) is a UNESCO world heritage site.
Credit:Meadville, Pa. : Keystone View Company (edited byDurova)
Image 8ABedouin woman inJerusalem, sometime between 1898 and 1914, dressed inPalestinian costume, the traditionalclothing worn byPalestinians. Many of the handcrafted garments were richlyembroidered and the creation and maintenance of these items played a significant role in the lives of the region's women. Until the 1940s, traditional Palestinian costumes reflected a woman's economic status, whether married or single, and the town or district of origin, and a knowledgeable observer could glean such information from thefabric, colors, cut, and embroidery motifs (or lack thereof) in a given woman's apparel.
9 February 1912 -Muhammadiyah organization's central board and provincial chiefs endorse presidential campaign of its former chairman, sparking controversy inIslam in Indonesia
Malcolm X (bornMalcolm Little; 1925 – 1965), also known asEl-HajjMalik El-Shabazz, was anAfrican AmericanMuslim minister, public speaker, andhuman rights activist. He has been described as one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history. Malcolm X was born inOmaha, Nebraska. By the time he was 13, his father had died and his mother had been committed to a mental hospital. After living in a series of foster homes, Malcolm X became involved in the criminal underworld inBoston andNew York. In 1945, Malcolm X was sentenced to eight to ten years in prison. While in prison, Malcolm X became a member of theNation of Islam. After his parole in 1952, he became one of the Nation's leaders and chief spokesmen. For nearly a dozen years, he was the public face of the Nation of Islam. Tension between Malcolm X andElijah Muhammad, head of the Nation of Islam, led to his departure from the organization in March 1964. After leaving the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X made the pilgrimage, theHajj, toMecca and became aSunni Muslim. He traveled extensively throughout Africa and the Middle East. He foundedMuslim Mosque, Inc., a religious organization, and the secular,black nationalistOrganization of Afro-American Unity. Less than a year after he left the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X wasassassinated while giving a speech inNew York.
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