Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Jump to content
WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Search

Portal:History

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikipedia portal about history
Portal maintenance status:(June 2018)
  • This portal'ssubpageshave been checked by an editor, and are needed.
Pleasetake care when editing, especially if usingautomated editing software. Learn how toupdate the maintenance information here.
Wikipedia portal for content related to History

Portal topics - (Random portal)

Activities
Culture
Geography
Health
History
Mathematics
Nature
People
Philosophy
Religion
Society
Technology

The History Portal


History is the systematic study of thepast, focusing primarily on thehuman past. As anacademic discipline, it analyses and interpretsevidence to constructnarratives about what happened and explain why it happened. Some theorists categorize history as asocial science, while others see it as part of thehumanities or consider it a hybrid discipline. Similar debates surround the purpose of history—for example, whether its main aim is theoretical, to uncover thetruth, or practical, to learn lessons from the past. In a more general sense, the termhistory refers not to an academic field but to thepast itself, times in the past, or to individual texts about the past.

Historical research relies onprimary andsecondary sources to reconstruct past events and validate interpretations.Source criticism is used to evaluate these sources, assessing their authenticity, content, and reliability. Historians strive to integrate the perspectives of several sources to develop a coherent narrative. Different schools of thought, such aspositivism, theAnnales school,Marxism, andpostmodernism, have distinctmethodological approaches.

History is a broad discipline encompassing many branches. Some focus on specifictime periods, such asancient history, while others concentrate on particulargeographic regions, such as thehistory of Africa. Thematic categorizations includepolitical history,military history,social history, andeconomic history. Branches associated with specific research methods and sources includequantitative history,comparative history, andoral history.

History emerged as a field of inquiry inantiquity to replace myth-infused narratives, with influential early traditions originating inGreece,China, and later in theIslamic world. Historical writing evolved throughout the ages and became increasingly professional, particularly during the 19th century, when a rigorous methodology and various academic institutions were established. History is related to many fields, includinghistoriography,philosophy,education, andpolitics. (Full article...)

Featured articles –show another

Featured articles are displayed here, which represent some of the best content on English Wikipedia.
  • Image 1 Alfonso XIII in 1932, after having been renamed España Alfonso XIII was the second of three España-class dreadnought battleships built in the 1910s for the Spanish Navy. Named after King Alfonso XIII of Spain, the ship was not completed until 1915 owing to a shortage of materials that resulted from the start of World War I the previous year. The España class was ordered as part of a naval construction program to rebuild the fleet after the losses of the Spanish–American War; the program began in the context of closer Spanish relations with Britain and France. The ships were armed with a main battery of eight 305 mm (12 in) guns and were intended to support the French Navy in the event of a major European war. Despite the reason for the ships' construction, Spain remained neutral during World War I. Alfonso XIII's early career passed largely uneventfully with routine training exercises in Spanish waters, though she was used to assist civilian vessels in distress and her crew was deployed to suppress civil unrest in Spain. In the 1920s, she took part in the Rif War in the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, where her sister España was wrecked. In 1931, Alfonso XIII abdicated and the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed; the new republic sought to erase remnants of the royal order, and so Alfonso XIII was renamed España. As part of cost-cutting measures, the ship was then reduced to reserve. Plans to modernize España and her sister Jaime I in the mid-1930s came to nothing when the Spanish coup of July 1936 initiated the Spanish Civil War. (Full article...)
    Image 1

    Alfonso XIII in 1932, after having been renamedEspaña

    Alfonso XIII was the second of threeEspaña-classdreadnoughtbattleships built in the 1910s for theSpanish Navy. Named after KingAlfonso XIII of Spain, the ship was not completed until 1915 owing to a shortage of materials that resulted from the start ofWorld War I the previous year. TheEspaña class was ordered as part of a naval construction program to rebuild the fleet after the losses of theSpanish–American War; the program began in the context of closer Spanish relations with Britain and France. The ships were armed with amain battery of eight 305 mm (12 in) guns and were intended to support theFrench Navy in the event of a major European war.

    Despite the reason for the ships' construction,Spain remained neutral during World War I.Alfonso XIII's early career passed largely uneventfully with routine training exercises in Spanish waters, though she was used to assist civilian vessels in distress and her crew was deployed to suppress civil unrest in Spain. In the 1920s, she took part in theRif War in theSpanish protectorate in Morocco, where her sisterEspaña was wrecked. In 1931, Alfonso XIII abdicated and theSecond Spanish Republic was proclaimed; the new republic sought to erase remnants of the royal order, and soAlfonso XIII was renamedEspaña. As part of cost-cutting measures, the ship was then reduced toreserve. Plans to modernizeEspaña and her sisterJaime I in the mid-1930s came to nothing when theSpanish coup of July 1936 initiated theSpanish Civil War. (Full article...)
  • Image 2 Herman Vandenburg Ames (/eɪmz/; August 7, 1865 – February 7, 1935) was an American legal historian, archivist, and professor of United States constitutional history at the University of Pennsylvania and, from 1907 to 1928, dean of its graduate school. His 1897 monograph, The Proposed Amendments to the Constitution of the United States During the First Century of Its History, was a landmark work in American constitutional history. Other works by Ames included John C. Calhoun and the Secession Movement of 1850, Slavery and the Union 1845–1861, and The X.Y.Z. Letters, the latter of which he authored with John Bach McMaster. Among his notable students were Ezra Pound, John Musser, and Herbert Eugene Bolton. A member of the Ames family, Herman Ames was born in Massachusetts and educated at Amherst College. He received his doctorate from Harvard University, where he was the Ozias Goodwin Memorial Fellow in Constitutional and International Law, and studied under Albert Bushnell Hart. Like Hart, Ames spent time in Europe learning German historical methodology and was influenced in his own research by its approach. He was a driving force behind the establishment of the Pennsylvania State Archives and helped guide the widespread establishment of government archives throughout the United States. His papers are housed at the University of Pennsylvania's University Archives. (Full article...)
    Image 2

    Herman Vandenburg Ames (/eɪmz/; August 7, 1865 – February 7, 1935) was an Americanlegal historian,archivist, and professor ofUnited States constitutional history at theUniversity of Pennsylvania and, from 1907 to 1928, dean of its graduate school. His 1897 monograph,The Proposed Amendments to the Constitution of the United States During the First Century of Its History, was a landmark work in American constitutional history. Other works by Ames includedJohn C. Calhoun and the Secession Movement of 1850,Slavery and the Union 1845–1861, andThe X.Y.Z. Letters, the latter of which he authored withJohn Bach McMaster. Among his notable students wereEzra Pound,John Musser, andHerbert Eugene Bolton.

    A member of theAmes family, Herman Ames was born inMassachusetts and educated atAmherst College. He received his doctorate fromHarvard University, where he was the Ozias Goodwin Memorial Fellow in Constitutional and International Law, and studied underAlbert Bushnell Hart. Like Hart, Ames spent time in Europe learning German historical methodology and was influenced in his own research by its approach. He was a driving force behind the establishment of thePennsylvania State Archives and helped guide the widespread establishment of government archives throughout the United States. His papers are housed at the University of Pennsylvania's University Archives. (Full article...)
  • Image 3 LaRouche circa 1988. The LaRouche criminal trials in the mid-1980s stemmed from federal and state investigations into the activities of American political activist Lyndon LaRouche and members of his movement. They were charged with conspiring to commit fraud and soliciting loans they had no intention of repaying. LaRouche and his supporters disputed the charges, claiming the trials were politically motivated. In 1986, hundreds of state and federal officers raided LaRouche offices in Virginia and Massachusetts. A federal grand jury in Boston indicted LaRouche and 12 associates on credit card fraud and obstruction of justice. The subsequent trial, described as an "extravaganza", was repeatedly delayed and ended in mistrial. Following the mistrial, a federal grand jury in Alexandria, Virginia, indicted LaRouche and six associates. After a short trial in 1988, LaRouche was convicted of mail fraud, conspiracy to commit mail fraud, and tax evasion, and was sentenced to prison for fifteen years. He entered prison in 1989 and was paroled five years later. At the same trial, his associates received lesser sentences for mail fraud and conspiracy. In separate state trials in Virginia and New York, 13 associates received terms ranging from one month to 77 years. The Virginia state trials were described as the highest-profile cases that the state Attorney General's office had ever prosecuted. Fourteen states issued injunctions against LaRouche-related organizations. Three LaRouche-related organizations were forced into bankruptcy after failing to pay contempt of court fines. (Full article...)
    Image 3
    LaRouche circa 1988.

    TheLaRouche criminal trials in the mid-1980s stemmed from federal and state investigations into the activities of Americanpolitical activistLyndon LaRouche and members of his movement. They were charged with conspiring to commit fraud and soliciting loans they had no intention of repaying. LaRouche and his supporters disputed the charges, claiming the trials were politically motivated.

    In 1986, hundreds of state and federal officers raided LaRouche offices in Virginia and Massachusetts. A federal grand jury in Boston indicted LaRouche and 12 associates on credit card fraud andobstruction of justice. The subsequent trial, described as an "extravaganza", was repeatedly delayed and ended in mistrial. Following the mistrial, a federal grand jury inAlexandria, Virginia, indicted LaRouche and six associates. After a short trial in 1988, LaRouche was convicted ofmail fraud,conspiracy to commit mail fraud, andtax evasion, and was sentenced to prison for fifteen years. He entered prison in 1989 and was paroled five years later. At the same trial, his associates received lesser sentences for mail fraud and conspiracy. In separate state trials in Virginia and New York, 13 associates received terms ranging from one month to 77 years. The Virginia state trials were described as the highest-profile cases that the state Attorney General's office had ever prosecuted. Fourteen states issuedinjunctions against LaRouche-related organizations. Three LaRouche-related organizations were forced into bankruptcy after failing to paycontempt of court fines. (Full article...)
  • Image 4 SMS Kaiser SMS Kaiser was the lead ship of the Kaiser class of dreadnought battleships of the Imperial German Navy. Kaiser was built by the Imperial Dockyard at Kiel, launched on 22 March 1911 and commissioned on 1 August 1912. The ship was equipped with ten 30.5-centimeter (12 in) guns in five twin turrets, and had a top speed of 23.4 knots (43.3 km/h; 26.9 mph). Kaiser was assigned to III Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet for the majority of World War I. In 1913, Kaiser and her sister König Albert conducted a cruise to South America and South Africa. The ship participated in most of the major fleet operations during the war. She fought at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916, during which she was hit twice and suffered negligible damage. The ship was also present during Operation Albion in the Baltic Sea in September and October 1917, and at the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight in November 1917. (Full article...)
    Image 4

    SMSKaiser

    SMSKaiser was thelead ship of theKaiser class ofdreadnought battleships of theImperial German Navy.Kaiser was built by theImperial Dockyard atKiel,launched on 22 March 1911 and commissioned on 1 August 1912. The ship was equipped with ten 30.5-centimeter (12 in) guns in five twin turrets, and had a top speed of 23.4 knots (43.3 km/h; 26.9 mph).Kaiser was assigned toIII Battle Squadron of theHigh Seas Fleet for the majority ofWorld War I.

    In 1913,Kaiser and her sisterKönig Albert conducted a cruise to South America and South Africa. The ship participated in most of the major fleet operations during the war. She fought at theBattle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916, during which she was hit twice and suffered negligible damage. The ship was also present duringOperation Albion in theBaltic Sea in September and October 1917, and at theSecond Battle of Heligoland Bight in November 1917. (Full article...)
  • Image 5 The battle off Lagos, August 18, 1759 Richard Paton, 1760 The Battle of Lagos took place between a British fleet commanded by Edward Boscawen and a French fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran over two days in 1759 during the Seven Years' War. They fought south west of the Gulf of Cádiz on 18 August and to the east of the small Portuguese port of Lagos, after which the battle is named, on 19 August. La Clue was attempting to evade Boscawen and bring the French Mediterranean Fleet into the Atlantic, avoiding battle if possible; he was then under orders to sail for the West Indies. Boscawen was under orders to prevent a French breakout into the Atlantic, and to pursue and fight the French if they did. During the evening of 17 August the French fleet successfully passed through the Strait of Gibraltar, but was sighted by a British ship shortly after it entered the Atlantic. The British fleet was in nearby Gibraltar, undergoing a major refit. It left port amidst great confusion, most ships not having their refurbishments completed, with many delayed and sailing in a second squadron. Aware that he was pursued, La Clue altered his plan and changed course; half his ships failed to follow him in the dark, but the British did. (Full article...)
    Image 5

    The battle off Lagos, August 18, 1759
    Richard Paton, 1760

    TheBattle of Lagos took place between a British fleet commanded byEdward Boscawen and a French fleet underJean-François de La Clue-Sabran over two days in 1759 during theSeven Years' War. They fought south west of theGulf of Cádiz on 18 August and to the east of the small Portuguese port ofLagos, after which the battle is named, on 19 August.

    La Clue was attempting to evade Boscawen and bring the French Mediterranean Fleet into the Atlantic, avoiding battle if possible; he was then under orders to sail for theWest Indies. Boscawen was under orders to prevent a French breakout into the Atlantic, and to pursue and fight the French if they did. During the evening of 17 August the French fleet successfully passed through theStrait of Gibraltar, but was sighted by a British ship shortly after it entered the Atlantic. The British fleet was in nearbyGibraltar, undergoing a major refit. It left port amidst great confusion, most ships not having their refurbishments completed, with many delayed and sailing in a second squadron. Aware that he was pursued, La Clue altered his plan and changed course; half his ships failed to follow him in the dark, but the British did. (Full article...)
  • Image 6 The boy-king Richard II meets the rebels on 14 June 1381, in a miniature from a 1470s copy of Jean Froissart's Chronicles. The Peasants' Revolt, also named Wat Tyler's Rebellion or the Great Rising, was a major uprising across large parts of England in 1381. The revolt had various causes, including the socio-economic and political tensions generated by the Black Death in the 1340s, the high taxes resulting from the conflict with France during the Hundred Years' War, and instability within the local leadership of London. The revolt heavily influenced the course of the Hundred Years' War by deterring later Parliaments from raising additional taxes to pay for military campaigns in France. Interpretations of the revolt by academics have shifted over the years. It was once seen as a defining moment in English history, in particular causing a promise by King Richard II to abolish serfdom, and a suspicion of Lollardy, but modern academics are less certain of its impact on subsequent social and economic history. (Full article...)
    Image 6

    The boy-kingRichard II meets the rebels on 14 June 1381, in a miniature froma 1470s copy ofJean Froissart'sChronicles.

    ThePeasants' Revolt, also namedWat Tyler's Rebellion or theGreat Rising, was a major uprising across large parts of England in 1381. The revolt had various causes, including the socio-economic and political tensions generated by theBlack Death in the 1340s, the high taxes resulting from the conflict with France during theHundred Years' War, and instability within the local leadership of London. The revolt heavily influenced the course of the Hundred Years' War by deterring later Parliaments from raising additional taxes to pay for military campaigns in France.

    Interpretations of the revolt by academics have shifted over the years. It was once seen as a defining moment in English history, in particular causing a promise by KingRichard II to abolish serfdom, and a suspicion ofLollardy, but modern academics are less certain of its impact on subsequent social and economic history. (Full article...)
  • Image 7 Former Cabanatuan POWs in celebration The Raid at Cabanatuan (Filipino: Pagsalakay sa Cabanatuan), also known as the Great Raid (Filipino: Ang Dakilang Pagsalakay), was a rescue of Allied prisoners of war (POWs) and civilians from a Japanese camp near Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. On January 30, 1945, during World War II, United States Army Rangers, Alamo Scouts and Filipino guerrillas attacked the camp and liberated more than 500 prisoners. After the surrender of tens of thousands of American troops during the Battle of Bataan, many were sent to the Cabanatuan prison camp after the Bataan Death March. The Japanese shifted most of the prisoners to other areas, leaving just over 500 American and other Allied POWs and civilians in the prison. Facing brutal conditions including disease, torture, and malnourishment, the prisoners feared they would be executed by their captors before the arrival of General Douglas MacArthur and his American forces returning to Luzon. In late January 1945, a plan was developed by Sixth Army leaders and Filipino guerrillas to send a small force to rescue the prisoners. A group of over 100 Rangers and Scouts and 200 guerrillas traveled 30 miles (48 km) behind Japanese lines to reach the camp. (Full article...)
    Image 7

    Former Cabanatuan POWs in celebration

    TheRaid at Cabanatuan (Filipino:Pagsalakay sa Cabanatuan), also known asthe Great Raid (Filipino:Ang Dakilang Pagsalakay), was a rescue ofAllied prisoners of war (POWs) and civilians from a Japanese camp nearCabanatuan,Nueva Ecija,Philippines. On January 30, 1945, during World War II,United States Army Rangers,Alamo Scouts andFilipino guerrillas attacked the camp and liberated more than 500 prisoners.

    After the surrender of tens of thousands of American troops during theBattle of Bataan, many were sent to the Cabanatuan prison camp after theBataan Death March. The Japanese shifted most of the prisoners to other areas, leaving just over 500 American and other Allied POWs and civilians in the prison. Facing brutal conditions including disease, torture, and malnourishment, the prisoners feared they would be executed by their captors before the arrival of GeneralDouglas MacArthur and his American forces returning toLuzon. In late January 1945, a plan was developed bySixth Army leaders and Filipino guerrillas to send a small force to rescue the prisoners. A group of over 100 Rangers and Scouts and 200 guerrillas traveled 30 miles (48 km) behind Japanese lines to reach the camp. (Full article...)
  • Image 8 The history of American football can be traced to early versions of rugby football and association football. Both games have their origin in multiple varieties of football played in the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century, in which a football is kicked at a goal or kicked over a line, which in turn were based on the varieties of English public school football games descending from medieval ball games. American football resulted from several major divergences from association football and rugby football. Most notably the rule changes were instituted by Walter Camp, a Yale University athlete and coach who is considered to be the "Father of American Football". Among these important changes were the introduction of the hike spot, of down-and-distance rules, and of the legalization of forward pass and blocking. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, gameplay developments by college coaches such as Eddie Cochems, Amos Alonzo Stagg, Parke H. Davis, Knute Rockne, and Glenn "Pop" Warner helped take advantage of the newly introduced forward pass. The popularity of college football grew as it became the dominant version of the sport in the United States for the first half of the 20th century. Bowl games, a college football tradition, attracted a national audience for college teams. Boosted by fierce rivalries and colorful traditions, college football still holds widespread appeal in the United States (Full article...)
    Image 8
    Thehistory of American football can be traced to early versions ofrugby football andassociation football. Both games have their origin in multiple varieties offootball played in the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century, in which afootball is kicked at agoal or kicked over a line, which in turn were based on the varieties ofEnglish public school football games descending from medieval ball games.

    American football resulted from several major divergences from association football and rugby football. Most notably the rule changes were instituted byWalter Camp, aYale University athlete and coach who is considered to be the "Father of American Football". Among these important changes were the introduction of thehike spot, ofdown-and-distance rules, and of the legalization offorward pass andblocking. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, gameplay developments by college coaches such asEddie Cochems,Amos Alonzo Stagg,Parke H. Davis,Knute Rockne, andGlenn "Pop" Warner helped take advantage of the newly introducedforward pass. The popularity ofcollege football grew as it became the dominant version of the sport in the United States for the first half of the 20th century.Bowl games, a college football tradition, attracted a national audience for college teams. Boosted by fiercerivalries and colorful traditions, college football still holds widespread appeal in the United States (Full article...)
  • Image 9 Matthews in 1942 Lionel Colin Matthews, GC, MC (15 August 1912 – 2 March 1944) was an Australian Army officer in World War II. He was posthumously awarded the George Cross, the highest award for extraordinary acts of gallantry away from the field of battle that could be awarded to a member of the Australian armed forces at the time. Matthews was born in Adelaide, South Australia, and was schooled there before moving to Victoria. He trained as a signalman in the Royal Australian Naval Reserve before joining the Militia in April 1939. Commissioned as an officer in the Australian Corps of Signals, Matthews transferred to the 8th Division of the Second Australian Imperial Force after the outbreak of World War II. Sent to Singapore with the rest of the 8th Division, Matthews served as the brigade signals officer of the 27th Brigade during the Malayan campaign and the Battle of Singapore, and at the surrender of Singapore he became a prisoner of war (POW). While in captivity he was awarded the Military Cross for displaying a high standard of courage, energy and ability while maintaining communications under fire in the earlier fighting. In July 1942, he was a member of a group of POWs sent to the Sandakan POW camp in British North Borneo. There, Matthews established an intelligence network, collecting information, weapons, medical supplies and radio parts, and made contact with organisations outside the camp, including Filipino guerrillas who assisted POWs to escape. (Full article...)
    Image 9

    Matthews in 1942

    Lionel Colin Matthews,GC, MC (15 August 1912 – 2 March 1944) was anAustralian Army officer inWorld War II. He was posthumouslyawarded theGeorge Cross, the highest award for extraordinary acts of gallantry away from the field of battle that could be awarded to a member of theAustralian armed forces at the time. Matthews was born inAdelaide, South Australia, and was schooled there before moving toVictoria. He trained as a signalman in theRoyal Australian Naval Reserve before joining theMilitia in April 1939. Commissioned as an officer in theAustralian Corps of Signals, Matthews transferred to the8th Division of theSecond Australian Imperial Force after the outbreak of World War II.

    Sent toSingapore with the rest of the 8th Division, Matthews served as the brigade signals officer of the27th Brigade during theMalayan campaign and theBattle of Singapore, and at the surrender of Singapore he became aprisoner of war (POW). While in captivity he was awarded theMilitary Cross for displaying a high standard of courage, energy and ability while maintaining communications under fire in the earlier fighting. In July 1942, he was a member of a group of POWs sent to theSandakan POW camp inBritish North Borneo. There, Matthews established an intelligence network, collecting information, weapons, medical supplies and radio parts, and made contact with organisations outside the camp, including Filipino guerrillas who assisted POWs to escape. (Full article...)
  • Image 10 Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg (26 June 1760 – 25 March 1799) was an Austrian military commander. He achieved the rank of Feldmarschallleutnant and died at the Battle of Stockach. A younger member of a cadet branch of the House of Fürstenberg, at his birth his chances of inheriting the family title of Fürst zu Fürstenberg were slight; he was prepared instead for a military career, and a tutor was hired to teach him the military sciences. He entered the Habsburg military in 1777, at the age of seventeen years, and was a member of the field army in the short War of the Bavarian Succession (1778–79). His career progressed steadily during the Habsburg War with the Ottoman Empire. In particular he distinguished himself at Šabac in 1790, when he led his troops in storming the fortress on the Sava river. (Full article...)
    Image 10

    Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg (26 June 1760 – 25 March 1799) was an Austrian military commander. He achieved the rank ofFeldmarschallleutnant and died at theBattle of Stockach.

    A younger member of acadet branch of theHouse of Fürstenberg, at his birth his chances of inheriting the family title ofFürst zu Fürstenberg were slight; he was prepared instead for a military career, and a tutor was hired to teach him themilitary sciences. He entered theHabsburg military in 1777, at the age of seventeen years, and was a member of the field army in the shortWar of the Bavarian Succession (1778–79). His career progressed steadily during theHabsburg War with the Ottoman Empire. In particular he distinguished himself atŠabac in 1790, when he led his troops in storming the fortress on theSava river. (Full article...)
  • Image 11 Congress by Charles Ware, 1816 USS Congress was a three-masted heavy frigate, one of the first six ships of the newly created US Navy. Built by James Hackett at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, she was launched on 15 August 1799 and nominally rated as a 38-gun frigate (despite often carrying up to 48 guns). The name Congress was chosen from a list of ten names submitted to President George Washington by Secretary of War Timothy Pickering in March 1795. As Joshua Humphreys intended for the frigates to serve as the young Navy's capital ships, Congress and her sister ships were larger and more heavily armed than the standard frigates of the period. Her first duties with the newly formed United States Navy were to provide protection for American merchant shipping during the Quasi War with France and to defeat the Barbary pirates in the First Barbary War. During the War of 1812, she made several extended length cruises in company with her sister ship President and captured or assisted in the capture of twenty British merchant ships. At the end of 1813, because repair materials were lacking, she was placed in reserve for the remainder of the war. In 1815, she returned to service for the Second Barbary War and made patrols through 1816. In the 1820s, she helped suppress piracy in the West Indies, made several voyages to South America, and was the first U.S. warship to visit China. Congress spent her last ten years of service as a receiving ship until she was broken up in 1834. (Full article...)
    Image 11

    A drawing of a ship's sails. The ship has 3 masts in which all sails are set and full of wind. The bow of the ship is pointed to the right of the frame.
    Congress by Charles Ware, 1816

    USSCongress was a three-mastedheavy frigate, one of thefirst six ships of the newly created US Navy. Built byJames Hackett at thePortsmouth Naval Shipyard, she was launched on 15 August 1799 andnominally rated as a 38-gun frigate (despite often carrying up to 48 guns). The nameCongress was chosen from a list of ten names submitted to PresidentGeorge Washington by Secretary of WarTimothy Pickering in March 1795. AsJoshua Humphreys intended for the frigates to serve as the young Navy'scapital ships,Congress and hersister ships were larger and more heavily armed than the standard frigates of the period.

    Her first duties with the newly formed United States Navy were to provide protection for American merchant shipping during theQuasi War withFrance and to defeat theBarbary pirates in theFirst Barbary War. During theWar of 1812, she made several extended length cruises in company with hersister shipPresident and captured or assisted in the capture of twenty British merchant ships. At the end of 1813, because repair materials were lacking, shewas placed in reserve for the remainder of the war. In 1815, she returned to service for theSecond Barbary War and made patrols through 1816. In the 1820s, she helped suppress piracy in the West Indies, made several voyages to South America, and was the first U.S. warship to visit China.Congress spent her last ten years of service as areceiving ship until she wasbroken up in 1834. (Full article...)
  • Image 12 U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower (left) with U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, the advocate of the coup d'état, in 1956 The 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état (Spanish: Golpe de Estado en Guatemala de 1954) deposed the democratically elected Guatemalan President Jacobo Árbenz and marked the end of the Guatemalan Revolution. The coup installed the military dictatorship of Carlos Castillo Armas, the first in a series of U.S.-backed authoritarian rulers in Guatemala. The coup was precipitated by a CIA covert operation code-named PBSuccess. The Guatemalan Revolution began in 1944, after a popular uprising toppled the military dictatorship of Jorge Ubico. Juan José Arévalo was elected president in Guatemala's first democratic election. He introduced a minimum wage and near-universal suffrage. Arévalo was succeeded in 1951 by Árbenz, who instituted land reforms which granted property to landless peasants. The Guatemalan Revolution was disliked by the U.S. federal government, which was predisposed during the Cold War to see it as communist. This perception grew after Árbenz had been elected and formally legalized the communist Guatemalan Party of Labour. The U.S. government feared that Guatemala's example could inspire nationalists wanting social reform throughout Latin America. The United Fruit Company (UFC), whose highly profitable business had been affected by the softening of exploitative labor practices in Guatemala, engaged in an influential lobbying campaign to persuade the U.S. to overthrow the Guatemalan government. U.S. President Harry Truman authorized Operation PBFortune to topple Árbenz in 1952, which was a precursor to PBSuccess. (Full article...)
    Image 12

    The1954 Guatemalan coup d'état (Spanish:Golpe de Estado en Guatemala de 1954) deposed the democratically elected Guatemalan PresidentJacobo Árbenz and marked the end of theGuatemalan Revolution. The coup installed the military dictatorship ofCarlos Castillo Armas, the first in a series of U.S.-backed authoritarian rulers inGuatemala. The coup was precipitated by aCIA covert operation code-namedPBSuccess.

    The Guatemalan Revolution began in 1944, after a popular uprising toppled the military dictatorship ofJorge Ubico.Juan José Arévalo was elected president in Guatemala'sfirst democratic election. He introduced a minimum wage and near-universal suffrage. Arévalo was succeeded in1951 by Árbenz, who institutedland reforms which granted property to landless peasants. The Guatemalan Revolution was disliked by the U.S. federal government,which was predisposed during theCold War to see it as communist. This perception grew after Árbenz had been elected and formally legalized the communistGuatemalan Party of Labour. The U.S. government feared that Guatemala's example could inspire nationalists wanting social reform throughout Latin America. TheUnited Fruit Company (UFC), whose highly profitable business had been affected by the softening of exploitative labor practices in Guatemala, engaged in an influential lobbying campaign to persuade the U.S. to overthrow the Guatemalan government. U.S. PresidentHarry Truman authorizedOperation PBFortune to topple Árbenz in 1952, which was a precursor to PBSuccess. (Full article...)
  • Image 13 Portrait of Lady Saigō, Hōdai-in, Shizuoka, Japan Lady Saigō (西郷局 or 西郷の局 Saigō no Tsubone; 1552 – 1 July 1589), also known as Oai, was one of the concubines of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the samurai lord who unified Japan at the end of the sixteenth century and then ruled as shōgun. She was also the mother of the second Tokugawa shōgun, Tokugawa Hidetada. Her contributions were considered so significant that she was posthumously inducted to the Senior First Rank of the Imperial Court, the highest honor that could be conferred by the Emperor of Japan. During their relationship, Lady Saigō influenced Ieyasu's philosophies, choice of allies, and policies as he rose to power during the late Sengoku period, and she thus had an indirect effect on the organization and composition of the Tokugawa shogunate. Although less is known of her than some other figures of the era, she is generally regarded as the "power behind the throne", and her life has been compared to a "Cinderella story" of feudal Japan. (Full article...)
    Image 13

    Portrait of Lady Saigō, Hōdai-in,Shizuoka, Japan

    Lady Saigō (西郷局 or西郷の局Saigō no Tsubone; 1552 – 1 July 1589), also known asOai, was one of the concubines ofTokugawa Ieyasu, thesamurai lord who unified Japan at the end of the sixteenth century and then ruled asshōgun. She was also the mother of the second Tokugawashōgun,Tokugawa Hidetada. Her contributions were considered so significant that she was posthumously inducted to theSenior First Rank of theImperial Court, the highest honor that could be conferred by theEmperor of Japan.

    During their relationship, Lady Saigō influenced Ieyasu's philosophies, choice of allies, and policies as he rose to power during the lateSengoku period, and she thus had an indirect effect on the organization and composition of theTokugawa shogunate. Although less is known of her than some other figures of the era, she is generally regarded as the "power behind the throne", and her life has been compared to a "Cinderella story" offeudal Japan. (Full article...)
  • Image 14 The Peace dollar is a United States dollar coin minted for circulation from 1921 to 1928 and 1934 to 1935, and beginning again for collectors in 2021. Designed by Anthony de Francisci, the coin was the result of a competition to find designs emblematic of peace. Its obverse represents the head and neck of the Goddess of Liberty in profile, and the reverse depicts a bald eagle at rest clutching an olive branch, with the legend "Peace". It was the last circulating United States dollar coin to be struck in 90% silver. With the passage of the Pittman Act in 1918, the United States Mint was required to strike millions of silver dollars and began in 1921, using the Morgan design. Many Numismatists considered the Morgan dollar design outmoded and began to lobby the Mint to issue a coin that commemorated the peace following the end of World War I; although they failed to get Congress to pass a bill requiring the redesign, they were able to persuade government officials to take action. The Peace dollar was approved by Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon in December 1921, completing the redesign of United States coinage that had begun in 1907. (Full article...)
    Image 14

    ThePeace dollar is aUnited States dollar coin minted for circulation from 1921 to 1928 and 1934 to 1935, and beginning again for collectors in 2021. Designed byAnthony de Francisci, the coin was the result of a competition to find designs emblematic of peace. Itsobverse represents the head and neck of theGoddess of Liberty in profile, and thereverse depicts abald eagle at rest clutching an olive branch, with the legend "Peace". It was the last circulating United States dollar coin to be struck in 90%silver.

    With the passage of thePittman Act in 1918, theUnited States Mint was required to strike millions of silver dollars and began in 1921, using theMorgan design. ManyNumismatists considered the Morgan dollar design outmoded and began to lobby the Mint to issue a coin that commemorated the peace following the end ofWorld War I; although they failed to get Congress to pass a bill requiring the redesign, they were able to persuade government officials to take action. The Peace dollar was approved byTreasury SecretaryAndrew Mellon in December 1921, completing the redesign of United States coinage that had begun in 1907. (Full article...)
  • Image 15 Aircraft on display at No. 1 Aircraft Depot, September 1955 No. 1 Aircraft Depot (No. 1 AD) was a maintenance unit of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). Formed in July 1921 at RAAF Point Cook, Victoria, it relocated to the nearby RAAF Laverton in March 1926. As well as servicing aircraft and other equipment, in its early years the depot supported survey flights in Australia and the Pacific region. It was also responsible for training maintenance staff. No. 1 AD's strength increased from 350 staff in the 1930s to over 2,000 during World War II, when it assembled, tested and repaired aircraft ranging from Tiger Moth trainers to Spitfire fighters to B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers. It also undertook aircraft research and development. (Full article...)
    Image 15

    Aircraft on display at No. 1 Aircraft Depot, September 1955

    No. 1 Aircraft Depot (No. 1 AD) was a maintenance unit of theRoyal Australian Air Force (RAAF). Formed in July 1921 atRAAF Point Cook, Victoria, it relocated to the nearbyRAAF Laverton in March 1926. As well as servicing aircraft and other equipment, in its early years the depot supported survey flights in Australia and the Pacific region. It was also responsible for training maintenance staff.

    No. 1 AD's strength increased from 350 staff in the 1930s to over 2,000 during World War II, when it assembled, tested and repaired aircraft ranging fromTiger Moth trainers toSpitfire fighters toB-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers. It also undertook aircraft research and development. (Full article...)

Featured picture

Did you know(auto generated)

Featured biography –show another

This is aFeatured article, which represents some of the best content on English Wikipedia.

Giovanni Villani (Italian pronunciation:[dʒoˈvannivilˈlaːni];c. 1276 or 1280 – 1348) was an Italianbanker, official,diplomat andchronicler fromFlorence who wrote theNuova Cronica (New Chronicles) on thehistory of Florence. He was a leading statesman of Florence but later gained an unsavoury reputation and served time in prison as a result of the bankruptcy of a trading and banking company he worked for. His interest in and elaboration of economic details, statistical information, and political and psychological insight mark him as a more modern chronicler of late medieval Europe. HisCronica is viewed as the first introduction of statistics as a positive element in history.However, historianKenneth R. Bartlett notes that, in contrast to hisRenaissance-era successors, "his reliance on such elements asdivine providence links Villani closely with the medieval vernacular chronicle tradition." In recurring themes made implicit through significant events described in hisCronica, Villani also emphasized three assumptions about the relationship of sin and morality to historical events, these being that excess brings disaster, that forces of right and wrong are in constant struggle, and that events are directly influenced by the will ofGod.

Villani was inspired to write hisCronica after attending thejubilee celebration inRome in 1300 and noting the venerable history of that city. He outlined the events in hisCronica year for year, following a strictly linear narrative format. He provided intricate details on many important historical events of the city of Florence and the wider region ofTuscany, such as construction projects, floods, fires, famines, and plagues. (Full article...)

List of featured biographies

On this day

October 26

Laurent Gbagbo
Laurent Gbagbo

Selected quote

What is the use of living, if it be not to strive for noble causes and to make this muddled world a better place for those who will live in it after we are gone?

— Winston Churchill, British statesman

Related portals

More Did you know...

Topics

Primary
Interdisciplinary
List
Other categorizations
Disciplines
Interdisciplinary fields
Themes
Journals
Academia
Related
Key concepts
Measurement
andstandards
Chronometry
Measurement
systems
Calendars
Clocks
Philosophy of time
Human experience
anduse of time
Time inscience
Geology
Physics
Other fields
Related
Key topics
Calendar eras
Regnal year
Era names
Calendars
Pre-Julian / Julian
Gregorian
Astronomical
Others
Astronomic time
Geologic time
Concepts
Standards
Methods
Chronological
dating
Absolute dating
Relative dating
Genetic methods
Linguistic methods
Related topics

Categories

WikiProjects

Things you can do


Here are some tasks awaiting attention:

Associated Wikimedia

The followingWikimedia Foundation sister projects provide more on this subject:

Discover Wikipedia usingportals
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:History&oldid=1257514002"
Categories:
Hidden categories:
[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp