Anengineer is a practitioner ofengineering. The wordengineer (Latiningeniator, the origin of the Ir. in the title of engineer in countries like Belgium, The Netherlands, and Indonesia) is derived from the Latin wordsingeniare ("to contrive, devise") andingenium ("cleverness"). The foundational qualifications of a licensed professional engineer typically include a four-yearbachelor's degree in an engineering discipline, or in some jurisdictions, amaster's degree in an engineering discipline plus four to six years of peer-reviewed professional practice (culminating in a project report or thesis) and passage of engineering board examinations. (Full article...)
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TheCFM International CFM56 (U.S. military designationF108) series is a family ofhigh-bypassturbofanaircraft engines made byCFM International (CFMI), with a thrust range of 18,500 to 34,000pounds-force (82 to 150kilonewtons). CFMI is a 50–50 joint-owned company ofSafran Aircraft Engines (formerly known asSNECMA), France andGE Aviation (GE), United States. Both companies are responsible for producing components and each has its own final assembly line. GE produces the high-pressurecompressor,combustor, and high-pressureturbine, and SNECMA manufactures the fan,gearbox, exhaust and the low-pressure turbine, and some components are made byAvio of Italy. The engines are assembled by GE inEvendale, Ohio, and by SNECMA inVillaroche in France. The completed engines are marketed by CFMI. Despite initial export restrictions, it is one of the most commonturbofanaircraft engines in the world, in four major variants. (Full article...)
Afan is amachine used to create flow within afluid, typically agas such asair.
The fan consists of a rotating arrangement of vanes or blades which act on the fluid. The rotating assembly of blades and hub is known as an impeller, a rotor, or a runner. Usually, it is contained within some form of housing or case. This may direct the airflow or increase safety by preventing objects from contacting the fan blades. Most fans are powered byelectric motors, but other sources of power may be used, includinghydraulic motors andinternal combustion engines.
Fans produce flows with high volume and low pressure (although higher than ambient pressure), as opposed tocompressors which produce high pressures at a comparatively low volume. A fan blade will often rotate when exposed to a fluid stream, and devices that take advantage of this, such asanemometers andwind turbines, often have designs similar to that of a fan.
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Overhead View of Tehachapi Energy Storage Project, Tehachapi, CA
TheTehachapi Energy Storage Project (TSP) was a 8MW/32MWhlithium-ion battery-basedgrid energy storage system at the Monolith Substation ofSouthern California Edison (SCE) inTehachapi, California, sufficient to power between 1,600 and 2,400 homes for four hours. At the time of commissioning in 2014, it was the largest lithium-ion battery system operating inNorth America and one of the largest in the world. TSP is considered to be a modern-day energy storage pioneer with significant accomplishments that have proven the viability of utility-scale energy storage using lithium-ion technology. While originally envisioned as aresearch and development project, TSP operated as adistribution-level resource for SCE and for calendar year 2020, SCE reported that TSP operated in thewholesale energy market with revenue exceeding operating and maintenance costs. In 2021, SCE began the decommissioning of TSP, which was followed by formal decommissioning by state regulators in 2022. The physical dismantlement of TSP is expected to be completed by the end of 2022. (Full article...)
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1869 Birdsill Holly fire-hydrant Birdsill Holly Jr. (November 8, 1820 – April 27, 1894) was an American mechanical engineer and inventor of waterhydraulics devices. He is known for inventing mechanical devices that improved city water systems and patented an improved fire hydrant that is similar to those used currently for firefighting. Holly was a co-inventor of the Silsbysteam fire engine. He founded the Holly Manufacturing Company that developed into the larger Holly Steam Combination Company that distributed heat from a central station and developed commercialdistrict heating for cities in the United States and Canada. (Full article...)
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ODB++ is a proprietaryCAD-to-CAM data exchange format used in the design and manufacture of electronic devices. Its purpose is to exchangeprinted circuit board design information between design and manufacturing and between design tools from differentEDA/ECAD vendors. It was originally developed by Valor Computerized Systems, Ltd. (acquired in 2010 byMentor Graphics which was later acquired bySiemens in 2016) as the job description format for their CAM system.
ODB stands for opendatabase, but its openness is disputed, as discussed below. The '++' suffix, evocative ofC++, was added in 1997 with the addition of component descriptions. There are two versions of ODB++: the original (now controlled by Mentor) and anXML version called ODB++(X) that Valor developed and donated to theIPC organization in an attempt to merge GenCAM (IPC-2511) and ODB++ into Offspring (IPC-2581). (Full article...)
The tubes were constructed using theshield method and are each 6,550 feet (2,000 m) long and 15.5 feet (4.7 m) wide. The interiors are lined with cast-iron "rings" formed with concrete. The tubes descend 91 to 95 feet (28 to 29 m) below themean high water level of the East River, with a maximum gradient of 3.1 percent. During the tunnel's construction, a house at58 Joralemon Street in Brooklyn was converted into a ventilation building and emergency exit. (Full article...)
Bell was an energetic and skilful entrepreneur as well as an innovativemetallurgist. He was involved in multiple partnerships with his brothers to make iron andalkali chemicals, and with other pioneers includingRobert Stirling Newall to make steel cables. He pioneered the large-scale manufacture of aluminium at his Washington works, conducting experiments in its production, and in the production of other chemicals such as the newly discovered elementthallium. He was a director of major companies including theNorth Eastern Railway and theForth Bridge company, then the largest bridge project in the world. (Full article...)
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Three Musketeers -Chrysler Engineers Carl Breer (right), Fred Zeder (center), and Owen Skelton (left) in 1933.
Buro Happold Limited (previouslyBuroHappold Engineering) is a British professional services firm that providesengineering consultancy,design, planning, project management, and consulting services for buildings, infrastructure, and the environment. It was founded inBath, Somerset, in 1976 by SirEdmund Happold when he took up a post at theUniversity of Bath as Professor ofArchitecture and Engineering Design.
Originally working mainly on projects in theMiddle East, the firm now operates worldwide and in almost all areas of engineering for thebuilt environment, working in 24 locations around the world. (Full article...)
Project Alberta was formed in March 1945, and consisted of 51 United States Army, Navy, and civilian personnel, including one British scientist. Its mission was three-fold. It first had to design a bomb shape for delivery by air, then procure and assemble it. It supported the ballistic testing work atWendover Army Air Field, Utah, conducted by the216th Army Air Forces Base Unit (Project W-47), and the modification ofB-29s to carry the bombs (ProjectSilverplate). After completion of its development and training missions, Project Alberta was attached to the509th Composite Group atNorth Field, Tinian, where it prepared facilities, assembled and loaded the weapons, and participated in their use. (Full article...)
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The2009 North Korean nuclear test was theunderground detonation of anuclear device conducted on Monday, 25 May 2009 by North Korea. This was its second nuclear test, thefirst test having taken place in October 2006. Following the nuclear test, Pyongyang also conducted several missile tests. A scientific paper later estimated the yield as 2.35 kilotons.
Avoltage doubler is an electronic circuit which charges capacitors from the input voltage and switches these charges in such a way that, in the ideal case, exactly twice the voltage is produced at the output as at its input.
The simplest of these circuits is a form ofrectifier which take an AC voltage as input and outputs a doubled DC voltage. The switching elements are simple diodes and they are driven to switch state merely by the alternating voltage of the input. DC-to-DC voltage doublers cannot switch in this way and require a driving circuit to control the switching. They frequently also require a switching element that can be controlled directly, such as atransistor, rather than relying on the voltage across the switch as in the simple AC-to-DC case. (Full article...)
Achicken gun orflight impact simulator is a large-diameter, compressed-air gun used to fire bird carcasses at aircraft components in order to simulate high-speedbird strikes during the aircraft's flight.Jet engines and aircraftwindshields are particularly vulnerable to damage from such strikes, and are the most common target in such tests. Although various species of bird are used in aircraft testing and certification, the device acquired the common name of "chicken gun" aschickens are the most commonly used 'ammunition' owing to their ready availability. (Full article...)
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TheSinclair C5 is a small one-personbattery electricrecumbenttricycle, technically an "electrically assisted pedal cycle". It was the culmination of SirClive Sinclair's long-running interest in electric vehicles. Although widely described as an "electric car", Sinclair characterised it as a "vehicle, not a car".
Sinclair had become one of the UK's best-known millionaires, and earned aknighthood, on the back of the highly successfulSinclair Research range of home computers in the early 1980s. He hoped to repeat his success in the electric vehicle market, which he saw as ripe for a new approach. The C5 emerged from an earlier project to produce a small electric car called the C1. After a change in the law, prompted by lobbying from bicycle manufacturers, Sinclair developed the C5 as an electrically powered tricycle with apolypropylene body and a chassis designed byLotus Cars. It was intended to be the first in a series of increasingly ambitious electric vehicles, but the development of the follow-up C10 and C15 models never progressed further than the drawing board, mostly due to the poor public response to the C5. (Full article...)
Image 8Design of aturbine requires collaboration of engineers from many fields, as the system involves mechanical, electro-magnetic and chemical processes. Theblades,rotor and stator as well as thesteam cycle all need to be carefully designed and optimized. (fromEngineering)
Image 15The application of the steam engine allowed coke to be substituted for charcoal iniron making, lowering the cost of iron, which provided engineers with a new material for building bridges. This bridge was made ofcast iron, which was soon displaced by less brittlewrought iron as a structural material. (fromEngineering)
Image 21A drawing for asteam locomotive. Engineering is applied todesign, with emphasis on function and the utilization of mathematics and science. (fromEngineering)
Image 25Archimedes is regarded as one of the leading scientists inclassical antiquity whose ideas have underpinned much of the practice of engineering. (fromEngineer)
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