Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions ofeconomic agents and howeconomies work.Microeconomics analyses what is viewed as basic elements within economies, including individual agents andmarkets, their interactions, and the outcomes of interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers, and sellers.Macroeconomics analyses economies as systems where production, distribution, consumption,savings, andinvestment expenditure interact; and thefactors of production affecting them, such as:labour,capital,land, andenterprise,inflation,economic growth, andpublic policies that impactthese elements. It also seeks toanalyse and describe theglobal economy. (Full article...)

Selected general articles

Image 1

Keynes in 1929

John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron KeynesCB, FBA (/keɪnz/KAYNZ; 5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946), was an English economist whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice ofmacroeconomics and theeconomic policies of governments. Originally trained in mathematics, he built on and greatly refined earlier work on the causes ofbusiness cycles. One of the most influential economists of the 20th century, he produced writings that are the basis for theschool of thought known asKeynesian economics, and its various offshoots. His ideas, reformulated asNew Keynesianism, are fundamental tomainstream macroeconomics. He is known as the "father of macroeconomics".

Keynes was educated atKing's College at theUniversity of Cambridge, where he graduated in 1904 with aB.A. in mathematics. During theGreat Depression of the 1930s, Keynes spearheadeda revolution in economic thinking, challenging the ideas ofneoclassical economics that held thatfree markets would, in the short to medium term, automatically provide full employment, as long as workers were flexible in their wage demands. He argued thataggregate demand (total spending in the economy) determined the overall level of economic activity, and that inadequate aggregate demand could lead to prolonged periods of high unemployment, and since wages and labour costs arerigid downwards the economy will not automatically rebound to full employment. Keynes advocated the use offiscal andmonetary policies to mitigate the adverse effects of economicrecessions anddepressions. After the 1929 crisis, Keynes also turned away from a fundamental pillar of neoclassical economics:free trade. He criticized Ricardiancomparative advantage theory (the foundation of free trade), considering the theory's initial assumptions unrealistic, and became definitively protectionist. He detailed these ideas in his magnum opus,The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, published in early 1936. By the late 1930s, leading Western economies had begun adopting Keynes's policy recommendations. Almost allcapitalist governments had done so by the end of the two decades following Keynes's death in 1946. As a leader of the British delegation, Keynes participated in the design of the international economic institutions established after the end ofWorld War II but was overruled by the American delegation on several aspects. (Full article...)
Image 2

Schumpeter in 1945

Joseph Alois Schumpeter (German:[ˈʃʊmpeːtɐ]; February 8, 1883 – January 8, 1950) was an Austrianpolitical economist. He served briefly asFinance Minister of Austria in 1919. In 1932, he emigrated to theUnited States to become a professor atHarvard University, where he remained until the end of his career, and in 1939 obtainedAmerican citizenship.

Schumpeter was one of the most influential economists of the early 20th century, and popularizedcreative destruction, a term coined byWerner Sombart. Hismagnum opus is considered to beCapitalism, Socialism and Democracy. (Full article...)
Image 3

Jean-Baptiste Say (French:[ʒɑ̃batistsɛ]; 5 January 1767 – 15 November 1832) was aliberal French economist and businessman who argued in favor ofcompetition,free trade, and lifting restraints on business. He is best known forSay's law—also known as the law of markets—which he popularized, although scholars disagree as to whether it was Say who first articulated the theory. Moreover, he was one of the first economists to studyentrepreneurship and conceptualized entrepreneurs as organizers and leaders of the economy. He was also closely involved in the development of theÉcole spéciale de commerce et d'industrie (ESCP), historically the first business school to be established. (Full article...)
Image 4

Carl Menger von Wolfensgrün, founder of the Austrian school

Carl Menger von Wolfensgrün (/ˈmɛŋɡər/MENG-ghər;German:[ˈmɛŋɐ]; 28 February 1840 – 26 February 1921) was an Austrian economist who contributed to themarginal theory of value. Menger is considered the founder of theAustrian school of economics.

In building his marginalist approach, Menger rejected many established views ofclassical economics. He directly disputed the view of the "German school" that economic theory could be derived from history. Departing from thecost-of-production theory of value—the prevailing theory ofAdam Smith,David Ricardo, andKarl Marx—Menger'ssubjective theory of value emphasized role of mutual agreement in deriving prices. Although he had few readers outside Vienna until late in his career, disciples includingEugen von Böhm-Bawerk andFriedrich von Wieser brought his theories into wider readership.Friedrich Hayek wrote that the Austrian school's "fundamental ideas belong fully and wholly to Carl Menger." (Full article...)
Image 5

Marshall circa the release ofPrinciples (1890)

Alfred MarshallFBA (26 July 1842 – 13 July 1924) was an English economist and one of the most influential economists of his time. His bookPrinciples of Economics (1890) was the dominant economic textbook in England for many years, and brought the ideas ofsupply and demand,marginal utility, andcosts of production into a coherent whole, popularizing the modernneoclassical approach which dominatesmicroeconomics to this day. As a result, he is known as the father of scientificeconomics. (Full article...)
Image 6
The first issue ofMs. examined feminist economics in a piece byJane O'Reilly

Feminist economics is the critical study ofeconomics and economies, with a focus on gender-aware and inclusive economic inquiry and policy analysis. Feminist economic researchers include academics, activists, policy theorists, and practitioners. Much feminist economic research focuses on topics that have been neglected in the field, such ascare work,intimate partner violence, or on economic theories which could be improved through better incorporation of gendered effects and interactions, such as between paid and unpaid sectors of economies. Other feminist scholars have engaged in new forms ofdata collection and measurement such as theGender Empowerment Measure (GEM), and more gender-aware theories such as thecapabilities approach. Feminist economics is oriented toward the social ecology of money.

Feminist economists call attention to thesocial constructions of traditional economics, questioning the extent to which it ispositive andobjective, and showing how its models and methods are biased by an exclusive attention tomasculine-associated topics and a one-sided favoring of masculine-associated assumptions and methods. While economics traditionally focused on markets and masculine-associated ideas of autonomy, abstraction and logic, feminist economists call for a fuller exploration of economic life, including such "culturallyfeminine" topics such asfamily economics, and examining the importance of connections, concreteness, and emotion in explaining economic phenomena. (Full article...)
Image 7
Heterodox economics family tree

Heterodox economics is a broad, relative term referring to schools of economic thought which are not commonly perceived as belonging tomainstream economics. There is no absolute definition of what constitutes heterodox economic thought, as it is defined in contrast to the most prominent, influential or popular schools of thought in a given time and place.

Groups typically classed as heterodox in current discourse include theAustrian,ecological,Marxist-historical,post-Keynesian, andmodern monetary approaches. (Full article...)
Image 8

PosthumousMuir portrait,c. 1800

Adam Smith (baptised 16 June [O.S. 5 June] 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the field ofpolitical economy and key figure during theScottish Enlightenment. Seen by many as the "father of economics" or the "father ofcapitalism", he is primarily known for two classic works:The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) andAn Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter, often abbreviated asThe Wealth of Nations, is regarded as hismagnum opus, marking the inception of modern economic scholarship as a comprehensive system and an academic discipline. Smith refuses to explain the distribution of wealth and power in terms ofdivine will and instead appeals to natural, political, social, economic, legal, environmental and technological factors, as well as the interactions among them. The work is notable for its contribution to economic theory, particularly in its exposition of the concept ofabsolute advantage.

Born inKirkcaldy, Fife, he studiedsocial philosophy at theUniversity of Glasgow and at theUniversity of Oxford, where he was one of the only students to benefit from scholarships set up byJohn Snell. Following his graduation, he delivered a successful series of public lectures at theUniversity of Edinburgh, that met with acclaim. This led to a collaboration withDavid Hume during the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith obtained a professorship at Glasgow, where he taught moral philosophy. During this period, he wrote and publishedThe Theory of Moral Sentiments. Subsequently, he assumed a tutoring position that facilitated travel throughout Europe, where he encountered intellectual figures of his era. (Full article...)
Image 9
New classical macroeconomics is a school of thought inmacroeconomics based on aneoclassical framework. It emphasizes the importance of foundations based onmicroeconomics, especiallyrational expectations.

New classical macroeconomics uses neoclassical microeconomic foundations for macroeconomic analysis. This is in contrast with thenew Keynesian school that usesmicrofoundations, such asprice stickiness andimperfect competition, to generate macroeconomic models similar to earlier, Keynesian ones. (Full article...)
Image 10

Sen in 2007

Amartya Kumar Sen (Bengali:[ˈɔmortːoˈʃen]; born 3 November 1933) is an Indian economist and philosopher. Sen has taught and worked in England and the United States since 1972. In 1998, he received theNobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions towelfare economics. He has also made major contributions tosocial choice theory,economic andsocial justice, economic theories offamines,decision theory,development economics,public health, and the measures ofwell-being of countries.

Sen is currently theThomas W. Lamont University Professor, and Professor of Economics and philosophy, atHarvard University. He previously served as Master ofTrinity College at theUniversity of Cambridge. In 1999, he received India's highest civilian honour,Bharat Ratna, for his contribution to welfare economics. The German Publishers and Booksellers Association awarded him the 2020Peace Prize of the German Book Trade for his pioneering scholarship addressing issues ofglobal justice and combatingsocial inequality in education and healthcare. (Full article...)
Image 11
Marxian economics, or theMarxian school of economics, is aheterodox school of political economic thought. Its foundations can be traced back toKarl Marx's critique of political economy. However, unlikecritics of political economy, Marxian economists tend to accept the concept ofthe economy prima facie. Marxian economics comprises several different theories and includes multiple schools of thought, which are sometimes opposed to each other; in many cases Marxian analysis is used to complement, or to supplement, other economic approaches. An example can be found in the works of Soviet economists likeLev Gatovsky, who sought to apply Marxist economic theory to the objectives, needs, and political conditions of the socialist construction in the Soviet Union, contributing to the development of Sovietpolitical economy.

Marxian economics concerns itself variously with the analysis ofcrisis incapitalism, the role and distribution of thesurplus product andsurplus value in various types ofeconomic systems, the nature and origin ofeconomic value, the impact of class and class struggle on economic and political processes, and the process ofeconomic evolution. (Full article...)
Image 12
Economics classes make extensive use of supply and demand graphs like this one to teach about markets. In this graph, S and D refer to supply and demand and P and Q refer to the price and quantity.
The followingoutline is provided as an overview of and topical guide toeconomics. Economics is abranch of science that analyzes theproduction,distribution, andconsumption ofgoods andservices. It aims to explain howeconomies work and howagents (people) respond toincentives.

Economics is abehavioral science (a scientific discipline that focuses on the study of human behavior) as well as asocial science (a scientific discipline that explores aspects of human society). (Full article...)
Image 13
TheAmerican School, also known as theNational System, represents three different yet related constructs in politics, policy and philosophy. The policy existed from the 1790s to the 1970s, waxing and waning in actual degrees and details of implementation. HistorianMichael Lind describes it as a coherent applied economic philosophy with logical and conceptual relationships with other economic ideas.

It is themacroeconomic philosophy that dominatedUnited States national policies from the time of theAmerican Civil War until the mid-20th century. Closely related tomercantilism, it can be seen as contrary toclassical economics. It consisted of these three core policies:
1. Protecting industry through selective high tariffs (especially 1861–1932).
2. Government investments in infrastructure creating targetedinternal improvements (especially in transportation).
3. A nationalbank with policies that promote the growth of productive enterprises rather than speculation.
(Full article...)
Image 14

Portrait, after 1743

François Quesnay (/keɪˈneɪ/;French:[fʁɑ̃swakɛnɛ]; 4 June 1694 – 16 December 1774) was a Frencheconomist andphysician of thePhysiocratic school. He is known for publishing the "Tableau économique" (Economic Table) in 1758, which provided the foundations of the ideas of the Physiocrats. This was perhaps the first work attempting to describe the workings of the economy in an analytical way, and as such can be viewed as one of the first important contributions to economic thought. HisLe Despotisme de la Chine, written in 1767, describes Chinese politics and society, and his own political support for enlighteneddespotism. (Full article...)
Image 15

Lithography of List byJosef Kriehuber, 1845

Daniel Friedrich List (6 August 1789 – 30 November 1846) was a German entrepreneur, diplomat,economist andpolitical theorist who developed thenationalist theory of political economy in both Europe and the United States. He was a forefather of the Germanhistorical school of economics and argued for theZollverein (a pan-German customs union) from a nationalist standpoint. He advocated raising tariffs on imported goods while supporting free trade of domestic goods and stated the cost of a tariff should be seen as an investment in a nation's future productivity. His theories and writing also influenced theAmerican school of economics.

List was a political liberal who collaborated withKarl von Rotteck andCarl Theodor Welcker on theRotteck-Welckersches Staatslexikon [de], an encyclopedia of political science that advocatedconstitutional liberalism and which influenced theVormärz. At the time in Europe, liberal and nationalist ideas were almost inseparably linked, and political liberalism was not yet attached to what was later considered "economic liberalism."Emmanuel Todd considers List a forerunner toJohn Maynard Keynes as a theorist of "moderate or regulated capitalism." (Full article...)
Image 16

Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (/vɒnˈmiːzɪz/;German:[ˈluːtvɪçfɔnˈmiːzəs]; September 29, 1881 – October 10, 1973) was an Austrian and Americanpolitical economist and philosopher of theAustrian school. Mises wrote and lectured extensively on the social contributions ofclassical liberalism and the central role ofconsumers in amarket economy. He is best known for his work inpraxeology, particularly for studies comparingcommunism andcapitalism, as well as for being a defender ofclassical liberalism in the face of risingilliberalism andauthoritarianism throughout much of Europe during the 20th century.

Since the mid-20th century, both libertarian and classical liberal movements, as well as the field of economics as a whole have been strongly influenced by Mises's writings. EconomistTyler Cowen lists his writings as "the most important works of the 20th century" and as "among the most important economics articles, ever". Entire schools of thought trace their origins to Mises's early work, including the development of anarcho-capitalist philosophy throughMurray Rothbard and the contemporary Austrian economics program led by scholars such asPeter Boettke atGeorge Mason University. (Full article...)
Image 17
The upper-left space $\Theta$ depicts the type space and the upper-right spaceX the space of outcomes. Thesocial choice function $f(\theta )$ maps a type profile to an outcome. In games of mechanism design, agents send messages $M {\displaystyle M}$ in a game environment $g {\displaystyle g}$ . The equilibrium in the game $\xi (M,g,\theta )$ can bedesigned to implement some social choice function $f(\theta )$ .

Mechanism design (sometimesimplementation theory orinstitutiondesign) is a branch ofeconomics andgame theory. It studies how to construct rules—calledmechanisms or institutions—that produce good outcomes according tosome predefined metric, even when the designer does not know the players' true preferences or what information they have. Mechanism design thus focuses on the study ofsolution concepts for a class of private-information games.

Mechanism design has broad applications, including traditional domains of economics such asmarket design, but alsopolitical science (throughvoting theory). It is a foundational component in the operation of theinternet, being used in networked systems (such asinter-domain routing),e-commerce, andadvertisement auctions byFacebook andGoogle. (Full article...)
Image 18

Myrdal in 1964

Karl Gunnar Myrdal (/ˈmɜːrdɑːl,ˈmɪər-/MUR-dahl,MEER-;Swedish:[ˈɡɵ̌nːarˈmy̌ːɖɑːl]; 6 December 1898 – 17 May 1987) was a Swedisheconomist andsociologist. In 1974, he received theNobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences along withFriedrich Hayek for "their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena." When his wife,Alva Myrdal, received theNobel Peace Prize in 1982, they became thefourth ever married couple to have won Nobel Prizes, and the first and only to win independent of each other (versus a shared Nobel Prize by scientist spouses).

Myrdal is best known in the United States for his study of race relations, which culminated in his bookAn American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. The study was influential in the 1954 landmark U.S. Supreme Court decisionBrown v. Board of Education. In Sweden, his work and political influence were important to the establishment of theFolkhemmet and thewelfare state. (Full article...)
Image 19
World GDP per capita, 1400–2003

Economic history is the study of history using methodological tools fromeconomics or with a special attention to economic phenomena. Research is conducted using a combination ofhistorical methods,statistical methods and theapplication of economic theory to historical situations andinstitutions. The field can encompass a wide variety of topics, including equality, finance, technology, labour, and business. It emphasizes historicizing the economy itself, analyzing it as a dynamic entity and attempting to provide insights into the way it is structured and conceived.

Using bothquantitative data andqualitative sources, economic historians emphasize understanding the historical context in which major economic events take place. They often focus on the institutional dynamics of systems ofproduction,labor, andcapital, as well as the economy's impact on society, culture, and language. Scholars of the discipline may approach their analysis from the perspective of differentschools of economic thought, such asmainstream economics,Austrian economics,Marxian economics, theChicago school of economics, andKeynesian economics. (Full article...)
Image 20

Friedrich August von Hayek (8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992) was an Austrian economist and philosopher. He is known for his contributions topolitical economy,political philosophy andintellectual history. Hayek shared the 1974Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences withGunnar Myrdal for work on money and economic fluctuations, and the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena. His account of howprices communicate information is widely regarded as an important contribution to economics that led to him receiving the prize. He was a major contributor to theAustrian school of economics.

During his teenage years, Hayek fought inWorld War I. He later said this experience, coupled with his desire to help avoid the mistakes that led to the war, drew him into economics. He earned doctoral degrees in law in 1921 and political studies in 1923 from theUniversity of Vienna. He subsequently lived and worked in Austria, Great Britain, the United States and Germany. He became a British national in 1938. He studied and taught at theLondon School of Economics and later at theUniversity of Chicago, before returning to Europe late in life to teach at theUniversities of Salzburg andFreiburg. (Full article...)
Image 21
Econometrics is an application ofstatistical methods to economic data in order to giveempirical content to economic relationships. More precisely, it is "the quantitative analysis of actual economicphenomena based on the concurrent development of theory and observation, related by appropriate methods of inference." An introductoryeconomics textbook describes econometrics as allowing economists "to sift through mountains of data to extract simple relationships."Jan Tinbergen is one of the two founding fathers of econometrics. The other,Ragnar Frisch, also coined the term in the sense in which it is used today.

A basic tool for econometrics is themultiple linear regression model.Econometric theory usesstatistical theory andmathematical statistics to evaluate and develop econometric methods. Econometricians try to findestimators that have desirable statistical properties includingunbiasedness,efficiency, andconsistency.Applied econometrics uses theoretical econometrics and real-worlddata for assessing economic theories, developingeconometric models, analysingeconomic history, andforecasting. (Full article...)
Image 22
This is a list of important publications ineconomics, organized by field.

Some basic reasons why a particular publication might be regarded as important:
- Topic creator – A publication that created a new topic
- Breakthrough – A publication that changed scientific knowledge significantly
- Influence – A publication which has significantly influenced the world or has had a massive impact on the teaching of economics.
(Full article...)
Image 23

Mill,c. 1870

John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 7 May 1873) was an Englishphilosopher,political economist, politician and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history ofliberalism andsocial liberalism, he contributed widely tosocial theory,political theory, and political economy. Dubbed "the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century" by theStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, he conceived ofliberty as justifying the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state andsocial control. He advocated political and social reforms such as proportional representation, the emancipation of women, and the development of labour organisations and farm cooperatives.

TheColumbia Encyclopedia describes Mill as occasionally coming "close to socialism, a theory repugnant to his predecessors". He was a proponent ofutilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by his predecessorJeremy Bentham. He contributed to the investigation ofscientific methodology, though his knowledge of the topic was based on the writings of others, notablyWilliam Whewell,John Herschel, andAuguste Comte, and research carried out for Mill byAlexander Bain. He engaged in written debate with Whewell. (Full article...)
Image 24
Theneoclassical synthesis (NCS), orneoclassical–Keynesian synthesis, is an academic movement and paradigm ineconomics that worked towards reconciling themacroeconomic thought ofJohn Maynard Keynes in his bookThe General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936) withneoclassical economics.

The neoclassical synthesis is a macroeconomic theory that emerged in the mid-20th century, combining the ideas of neoclassical economics with Keynesian economics. The synthesis was an attempt to reconcile the apparent differences between the two schools of thought and create a more comprehensive theory of macroeconomics. (Full article...)
Image 25
This is a list of important publications ineconomics, organized by field.

Some basic reasons why a particular publication might be regarded as important:
- Topic creator – A publication that created a new topic
- Breakthrough – A publication that changed scientific knowledge significantly
- Influence – A publication which has significantly influenced the world or has had a massive impact on the teaching of economics.
(Full article...)

Did you know...

... thatElizabeth Wilkins chose to work at theFederal Trade Commission on the hope that the agency is now positioned to address economic injustice?
... thatMichael Kremer'sO-ring theory of economic development was inspired by his forgetting to purchase toilet paper for a training session?
... that scientists from theInstitutum Divi Thomae raised silkworms atSaint Gregory Seminary during World War II as a form ofeconomic warfare against Japan?
... that when theCOVID-19 pandemic began,Masyita Crystallin was instructed by the Indonesian finance minister to study the Spanish flu to help formulate unconventional economic policies?
... that the1983 Spanish floods were the most economically damaging in Spain until the2024 Spanish floods?
... thatCeline-Marie Pascale's work focuses on howrace andclass impact the way "business practices and government policies create, normalize and entrench economic struggles" to benefit the wealthy?

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Selected images

Image 1The publication ofAdam Smith'sThe Wealth of Nations in 1776 is considered to be the first formalisation of economic thought.
Image 2An exampleproduction–possibility frontier with illustrative points marked (fromEconomics)
Image 3Thesupply and demand model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability and demand. The graph depicts an increase in demand from D₁ to D₂ and the resulting increase in price and quantity required to reach a new equilibrium point on the supply curve (S).
Image 4São Paulo Stock Exchange inBrazil, anelectronic trading network that brings together buyers and sellers through anelectronic trading platform
Image 5John Maynard Keynes, a key economics theorist (fromEconomics)
Image 6A 1638 painting of a French seaport during the heyday ofmercantilism
Image 7A map showing the maintrade routes for goods withinlate medieval Europe (fromEconomics)
Image 8Anenvironmental scientist sampling water
Image 9TheMarxist critique of political economy comes from the work of German philosopherKarl Marx.
Image 10List of countries bygross domestic product (PPP) per capita in April 2022 (fromEconomics)
Image 11Economists study trade, production, and consumption decisions, including those that occur in a traditionalmarketplace
Image 12The U.S.unemployment rate from 1990 to 2022 (fromEconomics)
Image 13Pollution can be a simple example of market failure; ifcosts of production are not borne by producers but are by the environment, accident victims or others, then prices are distorted.
Image 14The circulation of money in an economy in a macroeconomic model. In this model, the use ofnatural resources and the generation ofwaste, such asgreenhouse gases, is not included. (fromEconomics)
Image 15A basic illustration of abusiness cycle (fromEconomics)

In the news

12 February 2026 –German economic crisis: Lufthansa staff conduct a one-daystrike to protest the airline'scost-cutting measures, grounding at least 460 flights and affecting nearly 70,000 passengers.(DW)(Reuters)
12 February 2026 –China–Japan relations: TheJapanese fisheries agency seize aChinese fishing vessel and arrest its captain who failed to stop for inspection withinJapan's exclusive economic zone offNagasaki Prefecture, marking the first such seizure since 2022.(AFP viaPhilippine Daily Inquirer)
10 February 2026 –Azerbaijan–United States relations: Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev andUnited States vice president JD Vance sign astrategic partnership agreement inBaku covering economic and security cooperation.(AFP via France 24)
3 February 2026 –Greenland crisis: Massachusetts Governor Maura Healey announces thatMassachusetts has signed a economic deal withDenmark amidst ongoing tensions between theUnited States andGreenland.(Taunton Daily Gazette)
29 January 2026 –2025–2026 hunger crisis in Afghanistan: TheAsian Development Bank and theUnited Nations launch a two-year,US$100 million programme inAfghanistan to support more than 151,000 families amid rising hunger linked to deportations,economic strain, and reducedforeign aid.(Reuters)
19 January 2026 –Kiribati–New Zealand relations: Kiribati andNew Zealand sign apartnership agreement on economic opportunity,foreign policy, health, and security, marking their firstbilateral agreement since a diplomatic crisis began in 2025.(Reuters)

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