Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム

Jump to content

Portal:Ecology

Edit links

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Portal maintenance status:(June 2018)

This portal'ssubpageshave been checked by an editor, and are needed.

Pleasetake care when editing, especially if usingautomated editing software. Learn how toupdate the maintenance information here.

Wikipedia portal for content related to Ecology

Portal topics - (Random portal)

Topics and categories

WikiProject

Ecology

Ecology (from Ancient Greek οἶκος (oîkos) 'house' and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is thenatural science of the relationships among livingorganisms and theirenvironment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual,population,community,ecosystem, andbiosphere levels. Ecology overlaps with the closely related sciences ofbiogeography,evolutionary biology,genetics,ethology, andnatural history.

Ecology is a branch ofbiology, and is the study ofabundance,biomass, and distribution of organisms in the context of the environment. It encompasses life processes, interactions, andadaptations; movement of materials andenergy through living communities;successional development of ecosystems; cooperation, competition, and predation within and betweenspecies; and patterns ofbiodiversity and its effect on ecosystem processes.

Ecology has practical applications in fields such asconservation biology,wetland management,natural resource management, andhuman ecology.

The termecology (German:Ökologie) was coined in 1866 by the German scientistErnst Haeckel. The science of ecology as we know it today began with a group of American botanists in the 1890s.Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation andnatural selection are cornerstones of modernecological theory.

Ecosystems are dynamically interacting systems of organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living (abiotic) components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such asprimary production,nutrient cycling, andniche construction, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. Ecosystems havebiophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and abiotic components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and provideecosystem services likebiomass production (food, fuel, fiber, and medicine), the regulation ofclimate, globalbiogeochemical cycles,water filtration,soil formation,erosion control, flood protection, and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value. (Full article...)

Refresh with new selections below (purge)

Selected article -show another

One way of mapping terrestrial biomes around the world (doesn't include theAntarctic Tundra)

Abiome (/ˈbaɪ.oʊm/BY-ohm) is a distinctgeographical region with specificclimate,vegetation,animal life, and anecosystem. It consists of a biologicalcommunity that has formed in response to its physical environment and regionalclimate. In 1935,Tansley added the climatic and soil aspects to the idea, calling itecosystem. TheInternational Biological Program (1964–74) projects popularized the concept of biome.

However, in some contexts, the termbiome is used in a different manner. In German literature, particularly in theWalter terminology, the term is used similarly asbiotope (a concrete geographical unit), while the biome definition used in this article is used as an international, non-regional, terminology—irrespectively of the continent in which an area is present, it takes the same biome name—and corresponds to his "zonobiome", "orobiome" and "pedobiome" (biomes determined byclimate zone,altitude, orsoil). (Full article...)

List of selected articles

Selected image -show another

Carbon cycle

Credit: NASA

Thecarbon cycle is thebiogeochemical cycle by whichcarbon is exchanged between thebiosphere,geosphere,hydrosphere, andatmosphere of theEarth. Burningfossil fuels leads to the addition of extra carbon into the cycle over what naturally occurs and is a major cause ofclimate change.

More selected pictures

General images

The following are images from various ecology-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Table visualising size-symmetric competition, using fish as consumers and crabs as resources. (fromCommunity (ecology))
Image 2The leaves of anAlnus nepalensis tree provide a microhabitat for species like the leaf beetleAulacophora indica. (fromHabitat)
Image 3Thiscoral reef in thePhoenix Islands Protected Area provides habitat for numerous marine species. (fromHabitat)
Image 4Twenty-five years after the devastating eruption atMount St. Helens, United States,pioneer species have moved in. (fromHabitat)
Image 5A generalised graph of a predator-prey population density cycle (fromCommunity (ecology))
Image 6Global oceanic and terrestrial phototroph abundance, from September 1997 to August 2000. As an estimate ofautotroph biomass, it is only a rough indicator of primary production potential and not an actual estimate of it. (fromEcosystem)
Image 7Dense mass of white crabs at a hydrothermal vent, with stalked barnacles on right (fromHabitat)
Image 8a) A trophic pyramid showing the different trophic levels in a community. b) A food web of the same community (fromCommunity (ecology))
Image 9Rich rainforest habitat inDominica (fromHabitat)
Image 10An Antarctic rock split apart to showendolithic lifeforms showing as a green layer a few millimeters thick (fromHabitat)
Image 11Desert scene in Egypt (fromHabitat)
Image 12A red-chested cuckoo chick being fed by a significantly smaller Cape robin-chat adult (fromCommunity (ecology))
Image 13Loch Lomond inScotland forms a relatively isolated ecosystem. The fish community of this lake has remained stable over a long period until a number ofintroductions in the 1970s restructured itsfood web. (fromEcosystem)
Image 14Few creatures make theice shelves ofAntarctica their habitat, but water beneath the ice can provide habitat for multiple species. Animals such as penguins have adapted to live in very cold conditions. (fromHabitat)
Image 15A bear with a salmon. Interspecific interactions such aspredation are a key aspect of community ecology. (fromCommunity (ecology))
Image 16Biological nitrogen cycling (fromEcosystem)
Image 17Sequence of a decomposing pig carcass over time (fromEcosystem)
Image 18TheHigh Peaks Wilderness Area in the 6,000,000-acre (2,400,000 ha)Adirondack Park is an example of a diverse ecosystem. (fromEcosystem)
Image 19Rainforest ecosystems are rich inbiodiversity. This is theGambia River inSenegal'sNiokolo-Koba National Park. (fromEcosystem)
Image 20Wetland habitat types in Borneo (fromHabitat)
Image 21A simple trophic cascade diagram. On the right shows when wolves are absent, showing an increase in elks and reduction in vegetation growth. The left one shows when wolves are present and controlling the elk population. (fromCommunity (ecology))
Image 22
Afreshwater lake inGran Canaria, anisland of theCanary Islands. Clear boundaries make lakes convenient to study using anecosystem approach.
(fromEcosystem)
Image 23Flora ofBaja California desert,Cataviña region,Mexico (fromEcosystem)
Image 24Spiny forest at Ifaty,Madagascar, featuring variousAdansonia (baobab) species,Alluaudia procera (Madagascar ocotillo) and other vegetation (fromEcosystem)
Image 25Ibex in an alpine habitat (fromHabitat)

Related WikiProjects

WikiProject Ecology

edit

Things you can do

Here are some tasks awaiting attention:

Article requests : Create any of the missing articles listed on theWikiProject Ecology page,Alkali bee (Pollinator decline),Ecosystem function (presently a redirect),Nutrient flow (Synecology),Seed crop (Pollinator decline)
Verify :Agroecosystem,Biologist,Botany,Ecological pyramid,Ecological selection,Ecological succession,Ecotone,Functional ecology,Macroecology,Microbial ecology,Molecular biology,Uncontacted peoples
Wikify : Add{{Portal|Ecology}} to the See also sections of ecology-related articles.
Other : For additional tasks, seeWikipedia:WikiProject Ecology/to do

– When a task is completed, please remove it from the list.

Recognized content -show another

Entries here consist ofGood andFeatured articles, which meet a core set of high editorial standards.

Thehumpback anglerfish uses a modified dorsal spine as a fishing rod with abioluminescent lure to attract and capture prey.

Aggressive mimicry is a form ofmimicry in whichpredators,parasites, orparasitoids share similarsignals, using a harmless model, allowing them to avoid being correctly identified by their prey orhost. Zoologists have repeatedly compared this strategy to awolf in sheep's clothing. In its broadest sense, aggressive mimicry could include various types of exploitation, as when an orchid exploits a male insect by mimicking a sexually receptive female (seepseudocopulation), but will here be restricted to forms of exploitation involving feeding. For example,indigenous Australians who dress up as and imitatekangaroos whenhunting would not be considered aggressive mimics, nor would a humanangler, though they are undoubtedly practisingself-decoration camouflage. Treated separately ismolecular mimicry, which shares some similarity; for instance avirus may mimic the molecular properties of its host, allowing it access to its cells. An alternative term,Peckhamian mimicry, has been suggested (afterGeorge and Elizabeth Peckham), but it is seldom used.

Aggressive mimicry is opposite in principle todefensive mimicry, where the mimic generally benefits from being treated as harmful. The mimic may resemble its own prey, or some other organism which is beneficial or at least not harmful to the prey. The model, i.e. the organism being 'imitated', may experience increased or reducedfitness, or may not be affected at all by the relationship. On the other hand, the signal receiver inevitably suffers from being tricked, as is the case in most mimicry complexes. (Full article...)

List of recognized articles

Selected biography -show another

William Skinner Cooper (25 August 1884 – 8 October 1978) was an American ecologist. Cooper received his B.S. in 1906 fromAlma College in Michigan. In 1909, he entered graduate school at theUniversity of Chicago, where he studied withHenry Chandler Cowles, and completed his Ph.D. in 1911. His first major publication, "The Climax Forest of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, and Its Development" appeared in 1913. (Full article...)

List of selected biographies

Did you know(auto-generated)

... that LuxembourgianmyrmecologistRobert Stumper also played as a goalkeeper for his nation's football team?
... thatgynecologistMary Lake Polan wrote a medical mystery novel to "demystify" the procedures behindin vitro fertilisation?
... that one of the founders of theLithuanian Social Democratic Party,Andrius Domaševičius, had his own private gynecology practice, treating poor women free of charge?
... that PlantSims, human–plant hybrids inThe Sims 2: Seasons, have been studied as examples ofecofeminism anddeep ecology?
... thatwampum artistElizabeth James-Perry also works onecological restoration projects, including the reintroduction of native plant life?
... that scientistAdelaida K. Semesi was known as "mama mangroves" due to her specialist knowledge of their ecology?

Selected quote -show another

“

No onespecies shall make the life of the world its own.' … That's one expression of the law. Here's another: 'The world was not made for any one species.

”

—Daniel Quinn,Ishmael: An Adventure of the Mind and Spirit

More selected quotes

Ecology news

From the Wikinews Environment portal

Additional News Highlights

November 5, 2009:"New ocean forming in African desert."

More ecology news onWikinews

Selected publication -show another

Hydrobiologia: The International Journal of Aquatic Sciences is ascientific journal specialising inhydrobiology, includinglimnology andoceanography,systematics of aquatic organisms andaquatic ecology.(Full article...)

More selected publications

Related portals

More did you know -show another

... byastronomical convention, the fourseasons are determined by thesolstices—the point in the orbit of maximum axial tilt of theEarth toward or away from theSun—and theequinoxes, when the direction of the tilt and the direction to the Sun are perpendicular?

(Pictured left: Animation of seasonal differences, particularlysnow cover throughout the year)

Other "Did you know" facts...

Read more...

Elements ofnature

Origin(abiogenesis) Evolutionary history Biosphere Hierarchy Biology astrobiology
Biodiversity Organism Eukaryota fauna animals flora plants fungi protista Prokaryotes archaea bacteria Viruses

See also

Nature-based solutions

Category

v t e Biology
Introduction (Genetics,Evolution) Outline History Timeline Index
Overview	Science Life Properties (Adaptation, Energy processing, Growth, Order, Regulation, Reproduction (Self-replication), Response to environment) Hierarchy of life (Atom > Molecule > Organelle > Cell > Tissue > Organ > Organ system > Organism > Population > Community > Ecosystem > Biosphere) Reductionistic Emergent property Mechanistic Scientific method Taxonomic rank Theory Law Peer review Biology journals Common name
Chemical basis	Atoms Amino acids Carbohydrates Chemical bond Chemical element Lipids Matter Quantum Molecules Monomer Nucleic acids Organic compounds pH Polymer Proteins Water
Cells	ATP Cell cycle Cell theory Cell signaling Cellular respiration Energy transformation Enzyme Eukaryote Fermentation Metabolism Meiosis Mitosis Photosynthesis Prokaryote
Genetics	DNA Epigenetics Evolutionary developmental biology Gene expression Gene regulation Genomes Mendelian inheritance Post-transcriptional modification
Evolution	Adaptation Earliest known life forms Function Genetic drift Gene flow History of life Macroevolution Microevolution Mutation Natural selection Phylogenetics Speciation Taxonomy
Diversity	Archaea Bacteria Eukaryote Alga Animal Fungus Plant Protist Virus
Plant form and function	Epidermis (botany) Flower Ground tissue Leaf Phloem Plant stem Root Shoot Vascular plant Vascular tissue Xylem
Animal form and function	Breathing Circulatory system Endocrine system Digestive system Homeostasis Immune system Internal environment Muscular system Nervous system Reproductive system Respiratory system
Ecology	Biogeochemical cycle Biological interaction Biomass Biomes Biosphere Climate Climate change Community Conservation Ecosystem Habitat niche Microbiome Population dynamics Resources
Biology portal Category Commons WikiProject

v t e Environmental science
Main fields	Atmospheric science Biogeochemistry Ecology Environmental chemistry Geosciences Hydrology Limnology Oceanography Soil science
Related fields	Biology Chemistry green Ecological economics Environmental design Environmental economics Environmental engineering Environmental health epidemiology Environmental studies Environmental humanities Environmental statistics Environmental toxicology Geodesy Physics Radioecology Sustainability science Systems ecology Urban ecology
Applications	Energy conservation Environmental technology Natural resource management Pollution control Public transport encouragement Recycling Remediation Renewable energy Road ecology Sewage treatment Urban metabolism Water purification Waste management
Lists	Degrees Journals Research institutes Glossary Environment by year
See also	Human impact on the environment Sustainability Technogaianism
Category scientists Commons Environment portal WikiProject

v t e Earth
Outline History
Atmosphere	Atmosphere of Earth Prebiotic atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Weather
Climate	Climate system Energy balance Climate change Climate variability and change Climatology Paleoclimatology
Continents	Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America
Culture and society	List of sovereign states dependent territories In culture Earth Day Flag Symbol World economy Etymology World history Time zones World
Environment	Biome Biosphere Biogeochemical cycles Ecology Ecosystem Human impact on the environment Evolutionary history of life Nature
Geodesy	Cartography Computer cartography Earth's orbit Geodetic astronomy Geomatics Gravity Navigation Remote Sensing Geopositioning Virtual globe
Geophysics	Earth structure Fluid dynamics Geomagnetism Magnetosphere Mineral physics Seismology Plate tectonics Signal processing Tomography
Geology	Age of Earth Earth science Extremes on Earth Future Geological history Geologic time scale Geologic record History of Earth
Oceans	Antarctic/Southern Ocean Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Oceanography
Planetary science	The Moon Evolution of the Solar System Geology of solar terrestrial planets Location in the Universe Solar System
Category