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Ancient Greece (Ancient Greek:Ἑλλάς,romanized: Hellás) was a northeasternMediterranean civilization, existing from theGreek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end ofclassical antiquity (c. 600 AD), that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically relatedcity-states and communities. Prior to theRoman period, most of these regions were officially unified only once under theKingdom of Macedon from 338 to 323 BC. InWestern history, the era of classical antiquity was immediately followed by theEarly Middle Ages and theByzantine period.
Three centuries after the decline ofMycenaean Greece during theBronze Age collapse, Greek urbanpoleis began to form in the 8th century BC, ushering in theArchaic period andthe colonization of the Mediterranean Basin. This was followed by the age ofClassical Greece, from theGreco-Persian Wars to the death ofAlexander the Great in 323 BC, and which included theGolden Age of Athens and thePeloponnesian War betweenAthens andSparta. The unification of Greece byMacedon underPhilip II and subsequent conquest of theAchaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great spread Hellenistic civilization across the Middle East. TheHellenistic period is considered to have ended in 30 BC, when the last Hellenistic kingdom,Ptolemaic Egypt, was annexed by theRoman Republic.
ClassicalGreek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence onancient Rome, which carried a version of it throughout the Mediterranean and much of Europe. For this reason, Classical Greece is generally considered the cradle ofWestern civilization, theseminal culture from which the modern West derives many of its founding archetypes and ideas in politics, philosophy, science, and art. (Full article...)
Thestrigil (Latin: strigilis) orstlengis (Ancient Greek:στλεγγίς, probably aloanword from thePre-Greek substrate) is a tool for cleansing the body by scraping offdirt andperspiration, as well asoil that was applied beforebathing inAncient Greek andRoman cultures. In these cultures the strigil was primarily used by men, specifically male athletes; however, inEtruscan culture there is evidence of strigils being used by both sexes. The standard design is a curved blade with a handle, all of which is made of metal.
Strigils were commonly used by individuals who were engaging in vigorous activities, in which they accumulated large amounts of dirt and sweat on their bodies. The people who used the strigil included athletes, the wealthy, soldiers, and more. However, wealthy or prestigious individuals often had slaves to wield the strigils and clean their bodies, rather than doing it themselves. (Full article...)
Ionia (/aɪˈoʊniə/eye-OH-nee-ə) was an ancient region encompassing the central part of the western coast ofAnatolia. It consisted of the northernmost territories of theIonian League ofGreek settlements. Never a unified state, it was named after theIonians who had settled in the region before thearchaic period.
Ionia proper comprised a narrow coastal strip fromPhocaea in the north near the mouth of the riverHermus (now theGediz), toMiletus in the south near the mouth of the riverMaeander, and included the islands ofChios andSamos. It was bounded byAeolia to the north,Lydia to the east andCaria to the south. The cities within the region figured significantly in the strife between thePersian Empire and the Greeks. (Full article...)
Socrates (/ˈsɒkrətiːz/;Ancient Greek:Σωκράτης,romanized: Sōkrátēs;c. 470 – 399 BC) was anancient Greek philosopher fromClassical Athens, perhaps the first Westernmoral philosopher, and a major inspiration on his studentPlato, who largely founded the tradition ofWestern philosophy. An enigmatic figure, Socrates authored no texts and is known mainly through the posthumous accounts ofclassical writers, particularly his students Plato andXenophon. These accounts are written asdialogues, in which Socrates and his interlocutors examine a subject in the style of question and answer; they gave rise to theSocratic dialogue literary genre. Contradictory accounts of Socrates make a reconstruction of his philosophy nearly impossible, a situation known as theSocratic problem. Socrates was a polarizing figure in Athenian society. In 399 BC, he was accused ofimpiety and corrupting the youth. Aftera trial that lasted a day, he wassentenced to death. As related by Plato, he was put to death by administration of poison after refusing offers from allies to help him escape.
Plato's dialogues are among the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity. They demonstrate the Socratic approach to areas of philosophy includingepistemology andethics. The Platonic Socrates lends his name to the concept of theSocratic method, and also toSocratic irony. The Socratic method of questioning, orelenchus, takes shape in dialogue using short questions and answers, epitomized by those Platonic texts in which Socrates and his interlocutors examine various aspects of an issue or an abstract meaning, usually relating to one of the virtues, and find themselves at animpasse, unable to define what they thought they understood. Socrates frequentlyproclaims his ignorance, saying that he is only sure that he does not know. (Full article...)
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Photo credit:Leonidtsvetkov
Delphi is anarchaeological site and a modern town inGreece on the south-western spur ofMount Parnassus in the valley ofPhocis.
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Philosophers:Pythagoras · Heraclitus · Parmenides · Protagoras · Empedocles · Democritus · Socrates · Plato · Aristotle · Zeno · Epicurus
Authors:Homer · Hesiod · Pindar · Sappho · Aeschylus · Sophocles · Euripides · Aristophanes · Menander · Herodotus · Thucydides · Xenophon · Plutarch · Lucian · Polybius · Aesop
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Chronology:Aegean civilization · Minoan Civilization · Mycenaean civilization · Greek dark ages · Classical Greece · Hellenistic Greece · Roman Greece
People of Note:Alexander The Great · Lycurgus · Pericles · Alcibiades · Demosthenes · Themistocles · Archimedes · Hippocrates
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