The1990s (pronounced "nineteen-nineties"; shortened to "the'90s") was a decade of theGregorian calendar that began on 1 January 1990, and ended on 31 December 1999.
In the absence ofworld communism, which collapsed in the first two years of the decade, the 1990s was politically defined by a movement towards theright-wing, including increase in support forfar-right parties in Europe[1] as well as the advent of theHindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party[2] andcuts in social spending in the United States,[3] Canada,[4] New Zealand,[5] and the UK.[6] The United States also saw a massive revival in the use of thedeath penalty in the 1990s, which reversed in the early 21st century.[7] During the 1990s the character of theEuropean Union andEuro were formed and codified intreaties.
A combination of factors, including the continued mass mobilization ofcapital markets throughneo-liberalism, the thawing of the decades-longCold War, the beginning of the widespread proliferation ofnew media such as the Internet from the middle of the decade onwards, increasing skepticism towardsgovernment, and thedissolution of the Soviet Union led to a realignment and reconsolidation of economic and political power across the world and within countries. Thedot-com bubble of 1997–2000 brought wealth to someentrepreneurs before its crash between 2000 and 2001.
The 1990s saw extreme advances in technology, with theWorld Wide Web, the firstgene therapy trial, and the firstdesigner babies[8] all emerging in 1990 and being improved and built upon throughout the decade.
TheWorld Wide Web (also known asWWW,W3, or simplythe Web) is aninformation system that enablescontent sharing over theInternet through user-friendly ways meant to appeal to users beyondIT specialists and hobbyists. It allows documents and otherweb resources to be accessed over the Internet according to specific rules of theHypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
The Web was invented by English computer scientistTim Berners-Lee while atCERN in 1989 and opened to the public in 1993. It was conceived as a "universal linked information system". Documents and other media content are made available to the network throughweb servers and can be accessed by programs such asweb browsers. Servers and resources on the World Wide Web are identified and located through a character string calleduniform resource locator (URL). (Full article...)
... thatCliff Christl, who became theGreen Bay Packers team historian in 2014, estimated that he had recorded more than 250oral histories with past players and coaches since the 1990s?
Image 57Rwandan genocide: Bones of genocide victims in Murambi Technical School. Estimates put the death toll of the Rwandan genocide as high as 800,000 people. (from1990s)
Image 73Model wearing a midriff shirt, a silver necklace, low ponytail and straight-leg leggings, 1999. (from1990s in fashion)
Image 74Thecatsuit became a trend in the late 1990s. Normally made oflatex,PVC, orspandex, it was often worn with high-heeled boots. (from1990s in fashion)
Image 102Thecompact disc reached its peak in popularity in the 1990s, and not once did anotheraudio format surpass the CD inmusic sales from 1991 throughout the remainder of the decade. By 2000, the CD accounted for 92.3% of the entiremarket share in regard to music sales. (from1990s)
Image 103ActressPaula Abdul wearing semi-transparent black dress, curled hair and smoky eye makeup, 1990. (from1990s in fashion)
Image 104TheNasdaq Composite displaying thedot-com bubble, which ballooned between 1997 and 2000. The bubble peaked on Friday, 10 March 2000. (from1990s)
Image 106The federal building that was bombed in theOklahoma City bombing two days after the bombing, viewed from across the adjacent parking lot. (from1990s)
Image 127Go-go boots became fashionable again in 1995. They were worn by women of the hip-hop, alternative, and dance subcultures. (from1990s in fashion)
The film was written byJeanette Winterson, directed byBeeban Kidron and produced by Phillippa Gregory, the same creative team that collaborated on Winterson'sOranges Are Not the Only Fruit in 1990. Winterson intended the screenplay to be reminiscent of a fairy tale, and was unhappy at being asked to write a new ending for its American release. (Full article...)
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Apt Pupil is a 1998 Americanthriller film directed byBryan Singer and starringIan McKellen andBrad Renfro. It is based on the 1982 novellaApt Pupil byStephen King. In the 1980s in southern California, high school student Todd Bowden (Renfro) discovers fugitiveNaziwar criminal Kurt Dussander (McKellen) living in his neighborhood under the pseudonym Arthur Denker. Bowden, obsessed with Nazism and acts of the Holocaust, persuades Dussander to share his stories, and their relationship stirs malice in each of them.
The novella was first published in King's 1982 collectionDifferent Seasons. Producer Richard Kobritz sought to adapt the novella into a film during the 1980s, but two actors he invited to play Dussander died. When filming began in 1987, a loss of financing led to the production being shut down. Forty minutes of usable footage existed, but production was never revived. In 1995, when rights to the novella returned to King, Bryan Singer petitioned King for an opportunity to adapt the novella. With King's support, Singer filmedApt Pupil with McKellen and Renfro inAltadena, California, in 1997. Singer shortened the novella's storyline, reduced its violence, and changed the ending. Singer calledApt Pupil "a study in cruelty" with Nazism only serving as a vehicle for the capacity of evil. (Full article...)
The film's development began in 1994 as amusical with the involvement ofthe Who'sPete Townshend, though the project took root once Bird signed on as director and hired McCanlies to write the screenplay in 1996. The film was animated usingtraditional animation, withcomputer-generated imagery used to animate the titular character and other effects. The crew of the film was understaffed and completed it with half of the time and budget of other animated features.Michael Kamen composed the film's score, which was performed by theCzech Philharmonic. It was the final film byWarner Bros. Feature Animation to be fully animated and not a live-action/animation hybrid. (Full article...)
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Madonna: Truth or Dare (also known asIn Bed with Madonna internationally) is a 1991 Americandocumentary film by directorAlek Keshishian chronicling the life of entertainerMadonna during her 1990Blond Ambition World Tour. Madonna approached Keshishian to do anHBO special on the tour after watching hisHarvard senior project. Initially planned to be a traditionalconcert film, Keshishian was so impressed with the backstage life that he persuaded Madonna to make it the focus of the film. Madonna funded the project and served as executive producer. The film was edited to be in black-and-white, in order to emulatecinéma vérité, while the performance scenes are in color.
Madonna: Truth or Dare was screened out of competition at the1991 Cannes Film Festival and was given alimited release on May 10, 1991; two weeks later, it had its worldwide release. It opened to positive reviews although certain scenes, such as one where Madonna visits her mother's grave, were criticized. Madonna was nominated for aRazzie Award forWorst Actress. With a worldwide gross of $29million, it was the highest-grossing documentary of all time, untilBowling for Columbine surpassed it in 2002.Truth or Dare has been noted as a groundbreaking film for its casual portrayal ofhomosexuality, and was compared toParis Is Burning (1990). It has also had an impact onreality television andcelebrity culture, inspiring parodies and other music-related documentaries. (Full article...)
Paramount Pictures sought a change of pace afterStar Trek: First Contact (1996).Michael Piller was asked to write the script of the next installment, which was created from story ideas by Piller and producerRick Berman. The story's first drafts featured theRomulans, and the Son'a and Ba'ku were introduced in its third draft. AfterIra Steven Behr reviewed the script, Piller revised it and added a subplot involving a romantic interest forJean-Luc Picard. The film's ending was further revised after test screenings. The special effects depicting outer space were completely computer generated, a first for aStar Trek film. The Ba'ku village was fully built on location atLake Sherwood, California, but suffered weather damage. Sets from theStar Trek television seriesVoyager andDeep Space Nine were reused and redressed. (Full article...)
Alex Cox had tried to make aMars Attacks film in the 1980s before Burton and Gems began development in 1993. When Gems turned in his first draft in 1994,Warner Bros. commissioned rewrites from Gems, Burton,Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski in an attempt to lower the budget to $60 million. The final production budget came to $80 million, while Warner Bros. spent another $20 million on theMars Attacks! marketing campaign. Filming took place from February to June 1996. The film was shot inCalifornia,Nevada,Kansas,Arizona andArgentina. (Full article...)
Hughes conceivedHome Alone while on vacation, withWarner Bros. being originally intended to finance and distribute the film. Warner Bros. shut down the production after it exceeded its assigned budget, but it quickly resumed under20th Century Fox following meetings with Hughes; Columbus and Culkin were hired soon afterwards. Filming took place between February and May 1990 on location acrossIllinois. (Full article...)
Set in 1938Los Angeles,California,The Rocketeer tells the story ofstunt pilotCliff Secord, who discovers a hiddenrocket pack that he thereafter uses to fly without the need of an aircraft. His heroic deeds soon attract the attention ofHoward Hughes and theFBI, who are hunting for the missing rocket pack, as well as theNazi operatives who stole it from Hughes. (Full article...)
Burton was initially uninterested in directing a sequel toBatman, feeling creatively constrained byWarner Bros.' expectations. He agreed to return only after being granted greater creative control, which included replacing original writerSam Hamm with Daniel Waters and reuniting with many of his previous collaborators. Waters's script emphasized characterization over plot, andWesley Strick was later hired for an uncredited rewrite that added, among other elements, a master plan for the Penguin. Filming took place from September 1991 to February 1992 on a budget of $50–80 million, primarily on sets and soundstages atWarner Bros. Studios and theUniversal Studios Lot in California. The film's special effects relied mainly on practical techniques and makeup, supplemented with animatronics, limitedcomputer-generated imagery, and dozens of live penguins. (Full article...)
Burton conceivedEdward Scissorhands from his childhood upbringing in suburbanBurbank, California. Duringpre-production ofBeetlejuice, Thompson was hired to adapt Burton's story into a screenplay, and the film began development at20th Century Fox afterWarner Bros. declined.Edward Scissorhands was thenfast-tracked after Burton's critical and financial success withBatman. The film also marks the fourth collaboration between Burton andfilm score composerDanny Elfman, and was Vincent Price's last film role to be released in his lifetime. (Full article...)
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Zero Patience is a 1993 Canadianmusical film written and directed byJohn Greyson. The film examines and refutes theurban legend of the alleged introduction ofHIV to North America by a single individual,Gaëtan Dugas. Dugas, better known as Patient Zero, was the target of blame in the popular imagination in the 1980s in large measure because ofRandy Shilts's American television film docudrama,And the Band Played On (1987), a history of the early days of theAIDS epidemic.Zero Patience tells its story against the backdrop of a romance between a time-displaced SirRichard Francis Burton and the ghost of "Zero" (the character is not identified by Dugas' name).
The film was conceived by writersScott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski. Alexander first proposed it as a documentary, when he was a student at theUSC School of Cinematic Arts. Years later, irritated at being thought of solely as writers forfamily films with their work onProblem Child (1990) andits 1991 sequel, Alexander and Karaszewski struck a deal with Burton andDenise Di Novi to produceEd Wood. Initially,Michael Lehmann was chosen to direct the project, but due to scheduling conflicts with his work on the filmAirheads (1994), he had to vacate the director's position which was taken over by Tim Burton. (Full article...)
The plot followsUtena Tenjou, atomboy high school student who is drawn into a series of sword duels to win the hand ofAnthy Himemiya, a mysterious student known as the "Rose Bride". The film is noted for its extensive use ofmetaphor andsymbolism; its focus on themes of gender, sexuality and the transition from adolescence to adulthood; and for its more mature subject material relative to the anime series. (Full article...)
You are invited to participate inWikiProject Years, a WikiProject dedicated to developing and improving articles about years, decades, centuries, and millennia.
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