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The 1920s Portal

Spirit of St. Louis

The1920s (pronounced "nineteen-twenties"; often shortened to the "'20s" or the "Twenties") was adecade that began on January 1, 1920, and ended on December 31, 1929. Primarily known for the economic boom that occurred in theWestern World following the end ofWorld War I (1914–1918), the decade is frequently referred to as the "Roaring Twenties" or the "Jazz Age" in America and Western Europe, and the "Golden Twenties" in Germany, while French speakers refer to the period as the"Années folles" ('crazy years') to emphasize the decade's social, artistic, and cultural dynamism.

The devastatingWall Street crash in October 1929 is generally viewed as a harbinger of the end of 1920s prosperity in North America and Europe. In theSoviet Union, theNew Economic Policy was created by theBolsheviks in 1921, to be replaced by thefirst five-year plan in 1928. The 1920s saw the rise of radical political movements, with theRed Army triumphing againstWhite movement forces in theRussian Civil War, and the emergence offar-right political movements in Europe. In 1922, the fascist leaderBenito Mussolini seized power in Italy. Other dictators that emerged includedJózef Piłsudski inPoland, andPeter andAlexander Karađorđević inYugoslavia.First-wave feminism made advances, with womengaining the right to vote in theUnited States (1920),Albania (1920),Ireland (1921), and withsuffrage being expanded in Britain to all women over 21 years old (1928).

In Turkey, nationalist forces defeated Greece, France, Armenia, and Britain in theTurkish War of Independence, leading to theTreaty of Lausanne (1923), a treaty more favorable to Turkey than the earlier proposedTreaty of Sèvres. The war also led to theabolition of the Ottoman Caliphate. Nationalist revolts also occurred inIreland (1919–1921) andSyria (1925–1927). Under Mussolini, Italy pursued a more aggressive domestic and foreign policy, leading to thenigh-eradication of the Sicilian Mafia and theSecond Italo-Senussi War in Libya respectively. In 1927, Chinaerupted into a civil war between theKuomintang (KMT)-ledgovernment of theRepublic of China (ROC) and forces of theChinese Communist Party (CCP). Civil wars also occurred inParaguay (1922–1923),Ireland (1922–1923),Honduras (1924),Nicaragua (1926–1927), andAfghanistan (1928–1929). Saudi forcesconquered Jabal Shammar andsubsequently, Hejaz.

A severefamine occurred in Russia (1921–1922) due to the combined effects of economic disturbance because of theRussian Revolution and theRussian Civil War, exacerbated by rail systems that could not distribute food efficiently, leading to 5 million deaths. Another severefamine occurred in China (1928–1930), leading to 6 million deaths. TheSpanish flu pandemic (1918–1920) andRussian typhus epidemic (1918–1922), which had begun in the previous decade, caused 25–50 million and 2–3 million deaths respectively. Major natural disasters of this decade include the1920 Haiyuan earthquake (258,707~273,407 deaths),1922 Shantou typhoon (50,000–100,000 deaths),1923 Great Kantō earthquake (105,385–142,800 deaths), and1927 Gulang earthquake (40,912 deaths).

Silent films were popular in this decade, with the highest-grossing film of this decade being either the American silentepic adventure-drama filmBen-Hur: A Tale of the Christ or the American silentwar drama filmThe Big Parade, depending on the metrics used.Sinclair Lewis was a popular author in the United States in the 1920s, with his booksMain Street andElmer Gantry becoming best-sellers. Best-selling books outside the US included the Czech bookThe Good Soldier Švejk, which sold 20 million copies. Songs of this decade included "Mack the Knife" and "Tiptoe Through the Tulips".

During the 1920s, the world population increased from 1.87 to 2.05 billion, with approximately 700 million births and 525 million deaths in total. (Full article...)

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Dorothea Lange's 1936 photoMigrant Mother is an iconic photograph associated with theGreat Depression.

In theUnited States, theGreat Depression is commonly (though not universally) dated to theWall Street crash of October 1929. The nadir came in 1931–1933, and recovery came in 1940. Thestock market crash marked the beginning of a decade of highunemployment, famine, poverty, low profits,deflation, plunging farm incomes, and lost opportunities foreconomic growth as well as for personal advancement. Altogether, this period represented a traumatic loss of confidence in the economic future.

The usual explanations include numerous factors, especially highconsumer debt, ill-regulated markets that permitted overoptimistic loans by banks and investors, and the lack of high-growth new industries. These all interacted to create a downward economic spiral of reduced spending, falling confidence and lowered production.Industries that suffered the most included construction, shipping, mining, logging, and agriculture. Also hard hit was the manufacturing of durable goods like automobiles and appliances, whose purchase consumers could postpone. The economy hit bottom in the winter of 1932–1933; then came four years of growth until therecession of 1937–1938 brought back high levels of unemployment. (Full article...)

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Credit:Bain News Service

A portrait ofLillian Gish from 1921. Gish was one of the first femalemovie stars, called "The First Lady of American Cinema", starting in 1912 and continuing to appear in films until 1987. TheAmerican Film Institute named Gish 17th among thegreatest female stars of all time and awarded her aLife Achievement Award, making her the only recipient who was a major figure in the silent era. Remarkably, she never won anAcademy Award for her work, although she did receive aSpecial Academy Award in 1971.

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... that the colorfully-painted common room of theJazz AgeNaniboujou Club Lodge(pictured) has been called "a psychedelic marriage ofArt Deco and traditionalCree Indian patterns"?
... thatCharlie Bowman was a major influence on the distinctivefiddle sound that helped shape and develop earlycountry music in the 1920s and 1930s?
... thatMargie (ABC,1961–1962) is one of the few network programs set during theRoaring Twenties, complete withjalopies,raccoon coats, period music, and references toflappers?

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Jolson in 1925

Al Jolson (bornAsa Yoelson,Yiddish:אַסאַ יואלסאָן;c. May 26, 1886 (O.S.) June 9, 1886 (N.S.) – October 23, 1950) was an American singer, comedian, actor, and vaudevillian.

Self-billed as "The World's Greatest Entertainer," Jolson was one of the United States' most famous and highest-paid stars of the 1910s and 1920s. He was known for his "shamelessly sentimental, melodramatic approach" towards performing, along with popularizing many of the songs he sang. According to music historian Larry Stempel, "No one had heard anything quite like it before on Broadway."Stephen Banfield wrote that Jolson's style was "arguably the single most important factor in defining the modern musical." Jolson has been referred to by modern critics as "the king ofblackface performers". (Full article...)

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v t e Events by month
1929	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1928	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1927	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1926	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1925	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1924	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1923	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1922	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1921	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1920	Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

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... that a 1920s reviewer consideredHammond's Hard Lines "dangerously experimental ground for boys' fiction"?
... that 1920sbelles-lettres books published by theState Publishing House of Ukraine sold out more rapidly than similar books published elsewhere in the Soviet Union, despite the higher average price?
... thatMasoud El Amaratly, one of Iraq's most popular folk singers in the 1920s(recording featured), was amustarjil?
... that in the 1920s, a guard was posted outside the New York City Subway'sClark Street station to prevent sailors from using it at night?
... that much ofArchcliffe Fort was demolished in the 1920s to allow for expansion of a railway?
... that theHollywood Boulevard Commercial and Entertainment District has 102 properties within 12 blocks and contains "excellent examples of the predominant architecture styles of the 1920s and 1930s"?

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General images

The following are images from various 1920s-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Prohibition agents emptying barrels of alcohol (from1920s)
Image 2Babe Ruth in 1920 (from1920s)
Image 32 out of 10 best-selling American books in the 1920s were written bySinclair Lewis (1885–1951). (from1920s)
Image 4Map of the world from 1920, two years after World War I (from1920s)
Image 5D. W. Griffith at a rolltop desk,c. 1925 (from1920s)
Image 6Georgia O'Keeffe in 1920, photographed byAlfred Stieglitz (from1920s)
Image 7Paavo Nurmi in1924 Summer Olympics (from1920s)
Image 8TheUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) is created in 1922. (from1920s)
Image 9Crowd gathering after theWall Street crash of 1929 (from1920s)
Image 10Adolf Hitler (standing) delivers a speech in February 1925. (from1920s)
Image 11Dow Jones Industrial, 1928–1930 (from1920s)
Image 12Spanish troops inSan Sebastián, prior to their departure to theRif War (from1920s)
Image 13Albert Einstein, 1921 (from1920s)
Image 14Irving Berlin (left) andAl Jolson,c. 1927 (from1920s)
Image 15Thompson submachine gun (1921 model) (from1920s)
Image 16George Grosz in 1921 (from1920s)
Image 17Charlie Chaplin during the 1920s (from1920s)
Image 18Gabriel Narutowicz (from1920s)
Image 19From left, clockwise:Third Tipperary Brigade Flying Column No. 2 underSeán Hogan during theIrish War of Independence, 1920; prohibition agents destroying barrels ofalcohol, 1921, in accordance with the18th amendment, which madealcoholic beverages illegal in the United States throughout the entire decade; in 1927, Charles Lindbergh embarks on the first solo nonstop flight from New York to Paris on theSpirit of St. Louis; a crowd gathering onWall Street after the1929 stock market crash, which led to theGreat Depression;Benito Mussolini andfascist Blackshirts during theMarch on Rome in 1922; thePeople's Liberation Army attacking government defensive positions inShandong, during theChinese Civil War; thewomen's suffrage campaign leads tonumerous countries granting women theright to vote and be elected;Babe Ruth becomes the most famous baseball player of the time. (from1920s)
Image 20Michael Collins (Irish leader) (from1920s)
Image 21Buster Keaton in the 1922 short filmThe Frozen North (from1920s)
Image 22Pancho Villa (from1920s)
Image 23Robert Goddard and his rocket, 1926 (from1920s)
Image 241920s phone (from1920s)
Image 25The period from the end of the First World War until the start of the Depression in 1929 is known as the "Jazz Age". (from1920s)
Image 26F. Scott Fitzgerald, 1929 (from1920s)
Image 27Benito Mussolini andFascist Blackshirts during theMarch on Rome in 1922 (from1920s)
Image 28TheBritish andFrench colonial empires in 1920 (from1920s)
Image 29Palacio Barolo, designed byMario Palanti. (from1920s)
Image 30Frank Lloyd Wright, 1926 (from1920s)
Image 31The most memorable fashion trend of the Roaring Twenties was undoubtedly the "flapper" look. (from1920s)