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Popular Nasserist Organization

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Political party in Lebanon
Popular Nasserist Organization
التنظيم الشعبي الناصري
AbbreviationPNO
LeaderOsama Saad
FounderMaarouf Saad
Founded1973
HeadquartersSidon
IdeologyNasserism
Arab socialism
Arab nationalism
Pan-Arabism
Anti-Zionism
Left-wing nationalism
Political positionLeft-wing
Parliament of Lebanon
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Cabinet of Lebanon
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Party flag

Arab LeagueMember State of the Arab League

flagLebanon portal

ThePopular Nasserist Organization – PNO (Arabic:التنظيم الشعبي الناصري,romanized: Al-Tanzim al-Sha'aby al-Nassery) is aSidon-basedNasserist party originally formed in 1973 byMaarouf Saad, aSunni Muslimpan-Arab politician and member of Parliament (MP) later killed by theLebanese Army during a February 1975 dock strike held in that port city.[1]

Military structure and organization

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National Liberation Army
جيش التحرير الوطني
LeadersMustafa Saad
Osama Saad
Dates of operation1975–1990
HeadquartersSidon
IdeologyNasserism
Arab socialism
Arab nationalism
Pan-Arabism
Anti-Zionism
Size500–1,000 figthers
Part ofLebanese National Movement (LNM)
Lebanese National Resistance Front (Jammoul)
AlliesPalestine Liberation OrganizationPalestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
Palestine Liberation OrganizationPalestine Liberation Army
Al-Mourabitoun
Lebanese Communist Party (LCP)/Popular Guard
Arab Socialist Action Party – Lebanon (ASAP–L)
Progressive Socialist Party (PSP)/People's Liberation Army
Lebanese Arab Army (LAA)
Amal Movement
Syrian Arab Armed Forces
OpponentsLebanese Forces
Army of Free Lebanon
Guardians of the Cedars (GoC)
Tigers Militia
South Lebanon Army (SLA)
IsraelIsrael Defense Forces (IDF)
Battles and warsLebanese Civil War

The PNO's military wing, theNational Liberation Army – NLA (Arabic:جيش التحرير الوطني,romanized: Jayish al-Tahrir al-Watani) orArmée de Liberation Nationale (ALN) inFrench, was founded in March 1975 at Sidon byMustafa Saad, son of the late Maarouf. Secretly trained and armed byFatah, the NLA was initially financed byYasser Arafat's organization andLibya, later replaced in the mid-1980s by the Sidon-born Saudi-Lebanese millionaireRafic Hariri, in order to protect his business interests in the Sidon area.[2][3] A small but disciplined fighting force, predominatelySunni Muslim with someShia Muslims andChristians, the NLA comprised some 500-1,000 uniformed male and female fighters[4] organized into conventional 'Commando',Infantry,Signals, andMilitary Police branches.

Weapons and equipment

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Most of the NLA's own weapons and equipment were provided by thePLO,Libya andSyria or pilfered fromLebanese Armed Forces (LAF) andInternal Security Forces (ISF) reserves after their collapse in January 1976. Additional weaponry, vehicles and other, non-lethal military equipment were procured in the internationalblack market.

Small-arms

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PNO/NLA infantry and 'Commando' units were provided with a variety of small arms, comprisingMAT-49 andPPSh-41[5] submachine guns,MAS-49,[6]M1 Garand (or its Italian-produced copy, the Beretta Model 1952) andSKS[6]semi-automatic rifles,AMD-65 assault carbines,Heckler & Koch G3,[7][6]FN FAL,[6]M16A1,[6]AK-47 andAKM assault rifles[6] (other variants included theZastava M70, ChineseType 56, RomanianPistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965, Bulgarian AKK/AKKS and former East German MPi-KMS-72 assault rifles).

Several models of handguns were used, such asColt Cobra .38 Special snub-nose revolvers,Colt M1911A1,Tokarev TT-33,Makarov PM,CZ 75,FN P35 andMAB PA-15 pistols. Squad weapons consisted ofRPK,RPD,PK/PKM,FN MAG andM60 light machine guns, with heavierBrowning M1919A4 .30 Cal,Browning M2HB .50 Cal,[8]SG-43/SGM Goryunov andDShKM[9] machine guns being employed as platoon and company weapons.

Grenade launchers and portable anti-tank weapons includedM203 grenade launchers, andM72 LAW andRPG-7rocket launchers, whilst crew-served and indirect fire weapons comprisedB-10 82mm,[10][11]B-11 107mm andM40A1 106mm[12]recoilless rifles (often mounted ontechnicals).

Armoured and transport vehicles

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Like other Lebanese militias, the NLA fielded a 'mechanized' corps provided with a singleUR-416armoured car seized from theLebanese Forces in 1985,[13][14][15] plus 40all-terrain vehicles converted intotechnicals. The latter consisted mostly ofSuzuki Jimny LJ20 1st generationoff-roadmini SUVs,[16]Land-Rover series II-III,[17]Toyota Land Cruiser (J43),[18][19]Toyota Land Cruiser (J70),Toyota Land Cruiser (J75),[20]GMC Sierra Custom K25/K30,Datsun 620[21] andDatsun 720 pickup trucks,[22] andDodge Fargo/Power Wagon W200 light trucks[23] armed withheavy machine-guns,recoilless rifles andanti-aircraftautocannons.

Artillery

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SovietZPU-1 and ZPU-2 14.5mm[24] andZU-23-2 23mm Anti-aircraftautocannons (mostly mounted ontechnicals) were employed in bothair defense and direct fire supporting roles. In addition to AA autocannons, the NLA also fielded a few ex-PLOBM-11 122mmmultiple rocket launchers.[25]

Uniforms and insignia

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The PNO and NLA in the Civil War 1975–1990

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Closely allied with theAl-Mourabitoun, the PNO/NLA joined theLebanese National Movement (LNM) in April 1975,[26] playing a somewhat significant role in the controversial siege of theChristian coastal town ofDamour alongside the Al-Mourabitoun, the PLO andPalestine Liberation Army units on 20–22 January 1976.[27][28] It later took part in the 'Spring offensive' held in March of that year on theMount Lebanon region.

Forced to go underground during theJune 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon when theIsrael Defence Forces (IDF) occupied Sidon, in July 1983 the PNO/NLA joined theLebanese National Salvation Front (LNSF), a Palestinian- and Syrian-backed military coalition that rallied several Lebanese Muslim and Christian parties and militias opposed to the U.S.-sponsoredMay 17 Agreement withIsrael. The NLA resurfaced in the wake of the Israeli pull-out from southern Lebanon in March–April 1985, and fought alongside thePalestinians at the battles forKfar-Fallus andJezzine against the Israeli-backedSouth Lebanese Army (SLA).

Simultaneously, during theCoastal War they joined in another Syrian-backed coalition with theDruzeProgressive Socialist Party (PSP), theSunniAl-Mourabitoun and theShi'iteAmal Movement, which defeated the ChristianLebanese Forces (LF) attempts to establish bridgeheads at Damour and Sidon.[29]

The post-war years

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The PNO is led today by Osama Saad, who is an MP in theLebanese Parliament, and is active in the city ofSidon. It was affiliated with theMarch 8 Alliance until the2019 protests in Lebanon, which the party supports.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Deeb,The Lebanese Civil War (1980), pp. 68–69.
  2. ^Traboulsi,Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux (2007), parte III.
  3. ^Gambill, Gary C.; Ziad K. Abdelnour (July 2001)."Dossier: Rafiq Hariri".Middle East Intelligence Bulletin.3 (7). Archived fromthe original on 8 May 2014.
  4. ^Makdisi and Sadaka,The Lebanese Civil War, 1975-1990 (2003), p. 44, Table 1: War Period Militias.
  5. ^McNab,Soviet Submachine Guns of World War II: PPD-40, PPSh-41 and PPS (2014), p. 68.
  6. ^abcdefScarlata, Paul (July 2009)."Military rifle cartridges of Lebanon Part 2: from independence to Hezbollah".Shotgun News.
  7. ^Thompson,The G3 Battle Rifle (2019), p. 29.
  8. ^El-Assad,Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 62–63.
  9. ^El-Assad,Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 25; 27.
  10. ^Zaloga,Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) (2003), p. 52.
  11. ^El-Assad,Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 32–35.
  12. ^El-Assad,Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 28–31.
  13. ^Zaloga,Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) (2003), p. 56.
  14. ^Kassis,30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 72.
  15. ^El-Assad,Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 124–127.
  16. ^Kassis,30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 74.
  17. ^El-Assad,Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 29–31; 47; 53.
  18. ^Zaloga,Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) (2003), p. 52.
  19. ^El-Assad,Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 27.
  20. ^El-Assad,Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 24–27.
  21. ^El-Assad,Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 77–79.
  22. ^El-Assad,Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 55–57.
  23. ^El-Assad,Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 63.
  24. ^El-Assad,Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 33–39; 74–75.
  25. ^Cooper & Sandler,Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981 (2021), p. 58; Plate i.
  26. ^McGowan, Roberts, Abu Khalil, and Scott Mason,Lebanon: a country study (1989), p. 243.
  27. ^Fisk,Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War (2001), pp. 99-100.
  28. ^Labaki & Abou Rjeily,Bilan des guerres du Liban (1975-1990) (1993), p. 57.
  29. ^O'Ballance,Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 156.

References

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  • Afaf Sabeh McGowan, John Roberts, As'ad Abu Khalil, and Robert Scott Mason,Lebanon: a country study, area handbook series, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550-24), Washington D.C. 1989. -[1]
  • Boutros Labaki & Khalil Abou Rjeily,Bilan des guerres du Liban (1975-1990), Collection "Comprendre le Moyen-Orient", Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris 1993.ISBN 978-2738415257 (inFrench)
  • Chris McNab,20th Century Military Uniforms (2nd ed.), Grange Books, Kent 2002.ISBN 978-1-84013-476-6
  • Chris McNab,Soviet Submachine Guns of World War II: PPD-40, PPSh-41 and PPS, Weapon series 33, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2014.ISBN 978-1-78200-794-4
  • Denise Ammoun,Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943-1990, Fayard, Paris 2005.ISBN 978-2-213-61521-9 (inFrench) –[2]
  • Edgar O'Ballance,Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998.ISBN 0-333-72975-7
  • Fawwaz Traboulsi,Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux, Thèse de Doctorat d'Histoire – 1993, Université de Paris VIII, 2007. (inFrench) –[3]
  • Joseph Hokayem,L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985), Lulu.com, Beyrouth 2012.ISBN 9781291036602, 1291036601 (inFrench) –[4]
  • Marius Deeb,The Lebanese Civil War, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1980.ISBN 978-0030397011
  • Moustafa El-Assad,Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2008.ISBN 9953-0-1256-8{{isbn}}: ignored ISBN errors (link)
  • Mordechai Nisan,The Conscience of Lebanon: A Political Biography of Etienne Sakr (Abu-Arz), Frank Cass Publishers, London 2003.ISBN 978-0-7146-8378-2
  • Rex Brynen,Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon, Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990.ISBN 0 86187 123 5 –[5]
  • Robert Fisk,Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War, London: Oxford University Press, (3rd ed. 2001).ISBN 0-19-280130-9 –[6]
  • Samer Kassis,30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon, Beirut: Elite Group, 2003.ISBN 9953-0-0705-5
  • Samir Makdisi and Richard Sadaka,The Lebanese Civil War, 1975-1990, American University of Beirut, Institute of Financial Economics, Lecture and Working Paper Series (2003 No.3), pp. 1–53. –[7]
  • Steven J. Zaloga,Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973 to the present, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 2003.ISBN 962-361-613-9 –[8]
  • Tom Cooper & Efim Sandler,Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981, Middle East@War No. 41, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2021.ISBN 978-1-914059-04-9
  • Tom Najem and Roy C. Amore,Historical Dictionary of Lebanon, Second Edition, Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, Boulder, New York & London 2021.ISBN 9781538120439, 1538120437

Further reading

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  • Fawwaz Traboulsi,A History of Modern Lebanon: Second Edition, Pluto Press, London 2012.ISBN 978-0745332741
  • Jean Sarkis,Histoire de la guerre du Liban, Presses Universitaires de France - PUF, Paris 1993.ISBN 978-2-13-045801-2 (inFrench)
  • Samir Kassir,La Guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional, Éditions Karthala/CERMOC, Paris 1994.ISBN 978-2865374991 (inFrench)
  • Walid Khalidi,Conflict and Violence in Lebanon: Confrontation in the Middle East, Cambridge, MA: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1983.ISBN 978-0876740378, 0876740379
  • William W. Harris,Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions, Princeton Series on the Middle East, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton, New Jersey, 1997.ISBN 978-1558761155, 1-55876-115-2

External links

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