Pope Nicholas IV (Latin:Nicolaus IV; bornGirolamo Masci; 30 September 1227 – 4 April 1292) was head of theCatholic Church and ruler of thePapal States from 22 February 1288 to his death, on 4 April 1292. He was the firstFranciscan to be elected pope.[1]
Jerome Masci (Girolamo Masci) was born on 30 September 1227 at Lisciano, nearAscoli Piceno.[2][3] He was a pious, peace-loving man whose goals as a Franciscan friar were to protect the Church, promote thecrusades, and root outheresy. According toHeinrich of Rebdorf, he was a Doctor of Theology.[4] As aFranciscanfriar, he had been elected the Order's superior (minister) for Dalmatia during theFranciscan general chapter held at Pisa in 1272.Pope Gregory X (1271-1276), was sending alegate to the Byzantine emperor,Michael VIII Palaiologos, in 1272, to invite the participation of Byzantine prelates in the Second Council of Lyons. The pope's ambition was to achieve a reunion of Eastern and Western Christendom. StBonaventure, thenminister general of the Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans), was asked to select four Franciscans to accompany the legation as nuncios. He chose Friar Jerome Masci as one of the four.[5] WhenBonaventure died suddenly during the fifth session of the Order's General Chapter at Lyons on 15 July 1274, Friar Jerome Masci was elected to succeed him as theFranciscan minister general, even though he was absent at the time, only then returning with the Byzantine delegates from the embassy to Constantinople.[6]
In 1278 Jerome was madecardinal priest by Pope Nicholas III, and at some point after 16 May 1279 was assigned the titular church ofSanta Pudenziana. Even after his appointment as a cardinal, he was allowed to remain as minister general of theFranciscans until the next general chapter. In the event, however, he was unable to attend the chapter for reasons of ill health, as a letter of apology of Pope Nicholas III, written in May 1279, indicates.[9] On 12 April 1281 he was promoted tocardinal bishop ofPalestrina byPope Martin IV.[10]
After the death ofPope Honorius IV on 3 April 1287,a conclave was held in Rome, at the papal palace next to Santa Sabina on the Aventine Hill, where Pope Honorius had died.[11] This was in accordance with the ConstitutionUbi periculum of Pope Gregory X. At the beginning, in April, there were thirteen cardinals in Rome; three cardinals—Gerardo Bianchi, Giovanni Boccamati, and Jean Cholet—did not attend at all. The Sacred College was for a time hopelessly divided in its selection of a successor. When six of the electors died during the year 1287 (Ancher Pantaleon, Geoffrey de Bar, Hugh of Evesham, Giordano Orsini, Comes de Casanate, and Goffredo of Alatri—some, at least, carried off by fever), the others, with the sole exception of Jerome Masci, left the conclave and returned to their homes. It was not until the following year that they reassembled. The electors at that time were seven in number: Jerome Masci, along with Latino Malabranca, Bentivenga de Bentivengis, Bernard de Languissel, Matteo Rosso Orsini, Giacomo Colonna, and Benedetto Caetani. On 15 February 1288, the survivors unanimously elected Jerome Masci, to the papacy on the first scrutiny. It is said that the cardinals were impressed by his steadfastness in remaining at the papal palace, but there is no real documentation as to their motives. As he admitted in his electoral manifesto, Cardinal Masci was extremely reluctant to accept,[12] and indeed he persisted in his refusal for an entire week. Finally, on 22 February, he gave in and agreed.[13] He became the firstFranciscan pope and chose the name Nicholas IV in remembrance of Nicholas III, who had made him a cardinal.[10]
Given the considerable losses to the numbers of the Sacred College in 1286 and 1287, it is not surprising that Nicholas IV quickly proceeded to fill vacancies. What is surprising is that he did not even reach the number of cardinals who were alive under Honorius IV, let alone exceed it. On 16 May 1288, he named six new cardinals: Bernardus Calliensis, Bishop of Osimo (who died in 1291), Hugues Aiscelin (Seguin) de Billon, OP, of the diocese of Clermont in the Auvergne;[14] Matthew of Aquasparta in Tuscany, minister general of the Franciscans since 1287; Pietro Peregrosso of Milan, the vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church; Napoleone Orsini; and Pietro Colonna.[15]
Nicholas IV issued an important constitution on 18 July 1289, which granted to thecardinals one-half of all income accruing to theHoly See and a share in the financial management, thereby paving the way for that independence of theCollege of Cardinals which, in the following century, was to be of detriment to the papacy.
In regard to the question of the Sicilian succession, as feudal suzerain of the kingdom, Nicholas annulled the treaty, concluded in 1288 through the mediation ofEdward I of England, which confirmedJames II of Aragon in the possession of the island ofSicily. This treaty had not properly seen to papal interests. In May 1289 he crownedCharles II asking of Sicily after the latter had expressly recognized papalsuzerainty, and in February 1291 concluded a treaty with KingsAlfonso III of Aragon andPhilip IV of France looking toward the expulsion of James from Sicily.[10]
In 1288 Nicholas met with the Nestorian ChristianRabban Bar Sauma from China.
Nicholas IV died in Rome on 4 April 1292, in the palace which he had built next to the Liberian Basilica (S. Maria Maggiore). He was buried in theBasilica di Santa Maria Maggiore.[17] His epitaph reads: "Here lies Nicolas IV son of St. Francis" (Hic requiescit / Nicolaus PP Quartus / Filius Beati Francisci).[18] His death lies onGood Friday, being 2 days before Easter Sunday on 6 April 1292 (in theJulian calendar).[19][20][21]
The 1291–92Taxatio he initiated, which was a detailed valuation forecclesiastical taxation of English and Welsh parish churches andprebends, remains an important source document for the medieval period. An edition was reprinted by the Record Commission in 1802 asTaxatio Ecclesiastica Angliae et Walliae Auctoritate.[22]
^Kelly, J N D; Walsh, Michael (2010).A Dictionary of Popes. Oxford: OUP Oxford. p. 207.ISBN978-0199295814.
^Marquardi Freheri,Rerum Germanicarum Scriptores editio tertia (curante Burcardo Gotthelffio Struvio) Tomus Primus (Argentorati: sumptibus Ioannis Reinholdi Dulsseckerii 1717), p. 605.
^Luca Wadding,Annales Minorum IV second edition (edited by J. M. Fonseca) (Rome 1732), p. 345. Their instructions, drawn up by Pope Gregory, are printed at pp. 353-355.
^Luke Wadding,Annales Minorum IV second edition (edited by J.M. Fonseca) (Rome 1732), p. 399 and 411.
^August Potthast,Regesta Pontificum Romanorum II (Berlin 1875), nos. 21165, 21294-21295; 21310; and see A. Theiner,Caesaris S.R.E. Card. Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici 22 (Bar-le-Duc 1870), under the year 1277, no. 47, p. 402.
^Judicia Dei abyssus in A. Theiner,Caesaris S.R.E. Card. Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under the year 1288, § 5; p. 25; V. Langlois,Registres de Nicolas IV I, pp. 1-3 no. 1 (February 23, 1288).
^This is the story told byHeinrich of Rebdorf, in Marquardi Freheri,Rerum Germanicarum Scriptores editio tertia (curante Burcardo Gotthelffio Struvio) Tomus Primus (Argentorati: sumptibus Ioannis Reinholdi Dulsseckerii 1717), p. 605.
^Hugues Aiscelin was Master of the Sacred Palaces, appointed either by Martin IV or Honorius IV: J. Catalano,De magistro sacri palatii apostolici (Rome 1751), pp. 62-63.
^Conradus Eubel,Hierarchia catholica medii aevi I, editio altera (Monasterii 1913), p. 11.
^The Papacy and the Rise of the Universities, Gaines Post,Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Vol. 54, ed. William J. Courtney, Jurgen Miethke, Frank Rexroth and Jacques Verger, (Brill, 2017), 188.
^A. Theiner,Caesaris S.R.E. Card. Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1870), under the year 1292, § 17, p. 123. Richard P. McBrien,Live of the Popes, 226. His sepulchral inscription is recorded by Vincenzo Forcella,Inscrizioni delle chiese di Roma XI (Roma 1877), p. 11, no. 6.
^Marioli, Luigi (2014). "Premessa". In Callori di Vignale, Flavia; Santamaria, Ulderico (eds.).Il Calice di Guccio di Mannaia (in Italian). Edizioni Musei Vaticani. p. 10.ISBN9788882713300.
