Pope Gregory XIII (Latin:Gregorius XIII,Italian:Gregorio XIII, bornUgo Boncompagni; 7 January 1502 – 10 April 1585[b]) was head of theCatholic Church and ruler of thePapal States from 13 May 1572 to his death in April 1585. He is best known for commissioning and being the namesake for theGregorian calendar, which remains the internationally acceptedcivil calendar to this day.
Ugo Boncompagni was born the son of CristoforoBoncompagni (10 July 1470 – 1546) and Angela Marescalchi, and paternal grandson of Giacomo Boncompagni and Camilla Piattesi, inBologna,[1] where he studied law and graduated in 1530.[2] He later taught jurisprudence for some years, and his students included notable figures such as CardinalsAlexander Farnese,Reginald Pole andCharles Borromeo. He had an illegitimate son after an affair with Maddalena Fulchini,Giacomo Boncompagni, but before he took holy orders, making him the last Pope to have left issue.[3]
In the year 1552, Ugo Boncompagni confirmed the paternity of his son Giacomo (or Jacopo). As stated in the online Archivio Digitale Boncompagni Ludovisi: "One of the most valuable items to emerge from the new archival finds from theVilla Aurora is an autograph declaration in Latin and Italian dated 22 December 1552 by Ugo Boncompagni (1502–1585, from 1572 Pope Gregory XIII). Here, Ugo confirms his paternity ofGiacomo (or Jacopo) Boncompagni (1548–1612) by Maddalena de' Fucchinis, a servant in the employ of his sister-in-law Laura Ferro. The future Pope explains in detail the circumstances of the boy's conception, which took place in 1547 inBologna after the Council of Trent had moved to that city; his motive was to assure his inheritance rights following the death (in 1546) of his father Cristoforo Boncompagni."[4]
He also served as a legate toPhilip II of Spain (1556–1598), being sent by the Pope to investigate theArchbishop of ToledoBartolomé Carranza. He formed a lasting and close relationship with the Spanish king, which aided his foreign policy aims as Pope.[5]
After Pope Pius V (1566–1572) died, theconclave chose Cardinal Boncompagni, who assumed the name of Gregory XIII in homage toGregory the Great, a 6th-century reforming pope. It was a very brief conclave, lasting less than 24 hours. Many historians have attributed this to the influence and backing of the Spanish king.Charles Borromeo and the cardinals, wishing reform, accepted Boncompagni's candidature and so supported him in the conclave, while the Spanish faction also deemed him acceptable due to his success as anuncio in Spain.
Portrait of Gregory XIII byLavinia Fontana (oil on canvas, private collection)
Once in the chair ofSaint Peter, Gregory XIII dedicated himself to reform of the Catholic Church. He implemented the recommendations of theCouncil of Trent. He mandated that cardinals reside in theirsees without exception, and designated a committee to update theIndex of Forbidden Books. Gregory XIII was also the patron of a new and greatly improved edition of theCorpus juris canonici. In a time of considerable centralisation of power, Gregory XIII abolished the CardinalsConsistories, replacing them with Colleges and appointing specific tasks for these colleges to work on. He was renowned for fierce independence; some confidants noted that he neither welcomed interventions nor sought advice. The power of the papacy increased under him, whereas the influence and power of the cardinals substantially decreased.[citation needed]
Gregory XIII also established theDiscalced Carmelites, an offshoot of theCarmelite Order, as a distinct unit or "province" within the former by the decree "Pia consideratione" dated 22 June 1580,[6] ending a period of great difficulty between them and enabling the former to become a significant religious order in the Catholic Church.
Formation of clergy and promotion of the arts and sciences
Gregory XIII was a generous patron of theJesuit colleges in Rome.[2] The Roman College of the Jesuits grew substantially under his patronage, and became the most important centre of learning in Europe for a time. It is now named thePontifical Gregorian University. Pope Gregory XIII also founded numerousseminaries for training priests, beginning with theGerman College atRome, and put them in the charge of the Jesuits.
Gregory also transformed the Dominican studium founded in the 13th century at Rome into the College of St. Thomas in 1580, as recommended by the Council of Trent. This college was the precursor of thePontifical University of Saint Thomas AquinasAngelicum.
Pope Gregory XIII is best known for commissioning theGregorian calendar, initially authored by the physician/astronomerAloysius Lilius[7][8] and aided by Jesuit priest/astronomerChristopher Clavius, who made the final modifications. This calendar is more accurate than theJulian calendar, which treats each year as 365 days and 6 hours in length, even though the actual length of a year is slightly less (365 days, 5 hours, and 49 minutes). As a result, the date of thevernal equinox had slowly, over the course of 13 centuries, slipped to 10 March, while thecomputus (calculation) of the date of Easter still followed the traditional date of 21 March. Clavius verified this phenomenon.
Gregory subsequently decreed, by thepapal bullInter gravissimas of 24 February 1582, that the day after Thursday, 4 October 1582 would be the fifteenth, not the fifth, of October. The new calendar replaced the Julian calendar, which had been used since 45 BC. Because of Gregory's involvement, the new calendar came to be known as the Gregorian calendar and has been almost universally adopted.
Much of the populace bitterly opposed this reform; they feared it was an attempt by landlords to cheat them out of a week and a half's rent. However, the Catholic countries ofSpain,Portugal,Poland-Lithuania, and the Italian states complied.France, some states of theDutch Republic and various Catholic states in theHoly Roman Empire andSwitzerland (both countries were religiously split) followed suit within a year or two.Austria andHungary followed in 1587.
However, more than a century passed beforeProtestant Europe accepted the new calendar.Denmark-Norway, the remaining states of the Dutch Republic, and the Protestant states of the Holy Roman Empire and Switzerland adopted the Gregorian reform in 1700–01. By that time, the calendar trailed the seasons by 11 days.Great Britain, itsAmerican colonies andIreland adopted the reformed calendar in 1752, where Wednesday 2 September 1752 was immediately followed by Thursday 14 September 1752; they were joined by the last Protestant holdout,Sweden, on 1 March 1753.
The Gregorian calendar was not accepted ineastern Christendom for several hundred years, and then only as the civil calendar.[9]
The Japanese ambassadors of Tennsho, Keisho, headed byItō Mancio, meet with Pope Gregory XIII in 1585.
Though he feared the invasion of Europe by theTurks, Gregory XIII's attentions were more consistently directed to the dangers of theProtestants. He encouraged the plans of Philip II to dethroneElizabeth I of England (reigned from 1558 to 1603), resulting in English Protestants suspectingCatholics as potential traitors and subversives.[citation needed]
Another papal expedition sailed to Ireland in 1579 with a mere 50 soldiers under the command of Fitzmaurice, accompanied by Sanders aspapal legate.[citation needed] They took part in theSecond Desmond Rebellion. All of the soldiers and sailors on board, as well as the women and children who accompanied them, were beheaded or hanged on landing in Kerry in theSmerwick Massacre.
In 1580, he was persuaded by EnglishJesuits to moderate or suspend the BullRegnans in Excelsis (1570), which had excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I of England. Catholics were advised to obey the queen outwardly in all civil matters until such time as a suitable opportunity presented itself for her overthrow.[11]
Ugonottorum Strages medal
After theSt. Bartholomew's Day Massacres ofHuguenots in France in 1572, Pope Gregory signalled his approval and celebrated aTe Deum mass. Three frescoes in theSala Regia hall of the Vatican depicting the events were commissioned and painted byGiorgio Vasari. A commemorative medal was issued with Gregory's portrait and on the obverse a chastising angel, sword in hand and the legendUGONOTTORUM STRAGES ("Overthrow of the Huguenots").[12]
Gregory XIII was visited by theTenshō embassy of Japan, becoming the first Pope to have received such an embassy. On behalf of the Japanese rulerOda Nobunaga, they gifted him with the so-calledAzuchi Screens, which were put on display within the Vatican.[13]
He appointed his illegitimate sonGiacomo,[c] born to his mistress atBologna before his papacy,castellan ofSant'Angelo andGonfalonier of the Church;Venice, anxious to please the Pope, enrolled his son among its nobles, and Philip II of Spain appointed him general in his army. Gregory also helped his son to become a powerful feudatory through the acquisition of theDuchy of Sora, on the border between thePapal States and theKingdom of Naples.
To raise funds for his endeavours, Gregory confiscated a large proportion of the houses and properties throughout the states of the Church. This measure enriched his treasury for a time, but alienated a great body of the nobility and gentry, revived old factions, created new ones, and caused economic and social chaos in the Papal States.[14]
The pope suffered from a fever on 5 April 1585 and on 7 April said his usual private Mass, still in ill health. He seemed to recover enough that he was able to conduct meetings throughout 8 and 9 April, although it was observed that he did not feel well. But a sudden change on 10 April saw him confined in his bed and it was observed that he had a cold sweat and a weak pulse; he receivedExtreme Unction moments before he died.[15]
^Because of the change in calendars initiated by Gregory, dates in this calendar on or before 4 October 1582 are given in the Julian calendar and dates after that are given in theGregorian calendar.
^Ugo Boncompagni had Giacomo legitimated on 5 July 1548 by thebishop of Feltre.
^Otilio Rodriguez, OCD, Appendix I: The Third Order of the Teresian Carmel; Its Origin and History, page 129, in Michael D. Griffin, OCD,Commentary on the Rule of Life (superseded) (The Growth in Carmel Series; Hubertus, Wisconsin: Teresian Charism Press, 1981), pages 127-36; and Peter-Thomas Rohrbach, OCDJourney to Carith: The Sources and Story of the Discalced Carmelites, Chapter 6: The Struggle for Existence, page 200 (Washington: ICS Publications)
^McKelway, Matthew (2006). "The Azuchi Screens and Images of Castles".Capitalscapes Folding Screens and Political Imagination in Late Medieval Kyoto. University of Hawaii Press. p. 296.ISBN978-0824861773.
