ThePoor Clares, officially theOrder of Saint Clare (Latin:Ordo Sanctae Clarae), originally referred to as theOrder of Poor Ladies, and also known as theClarisses orClarissines, theMinoresses, theFranciscan Clarist Order, and theSecond Order of Saint Francis, are members of anenclosed order ofnuns in theRoman Catholic Church. The Poor Clares were the secondFranciscan branch of the order to be established. The first order of the Franciscans, which was known as the Order of Friars Minor, was founded by Saint Francis of Assisi in 1209. Three years after founding the Order of Friars Minor,Francis of Assisi andClare of Assisi founded the Order of Saint Clare, or Order of Poor Ladies, onPalm Sunday in the year 1212.[1] They were organized after the manner of theOrder of Friars Minor and before theThird Order of Saint Francis was founded. As of 2011, there were over 20,000 Poor Clare nuns in over 75 countries throughout the world. They follow several different observances and are organized into federations.
The Poor Clares follow theRule of St. Clare, which was approved by PopeInnocent IV on the day before Clare's death in 1253. The main branch of the order (OSC) follows the observance of Pope Urban. Other branches established since that time, who operate under their own uniqueConstitutions, are theColettine Poor Clares (PCC) (founded 1410), theCapuchin Poor Clares (OSCCap) (founded 1538) and thePoor Clares of Perpetual Adoration (PCPA) (founded 1854).
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The Poor Clares were founded byClare of Assisi in 1212. Little is known of Clare's early life, although popular tradition suggests that she came from a fairly well-to-do family inAssisi. At the age of 17, inspired by the preaching ofFrancis of Assisi inAssisi Cathedral, Clare ran away from home to join his community of friars at thePortiuncula, some distance outside the town.[2] According to tradition, Clare's family wanted to take her back by force, but Clare's dedication to holiness and poverty inspired the friars to accept her resolution. She was given thehabit of a nun and transferred toBenedictine monasteries, first at Bastia and then at Sant' Angelo di Panzo, for her monastic formation. Though some doubted her ability to become a nun, Francis of Assisi encouraged her on her journey. St. Francis believed that women, as well as men, had the capacity to completely forgo ordinary pleasures and live in poverty and did not seek to limit them in this regard based on their gender. This shared belief of both Francis of Assisi and Clare of Assisi would lead them to form the Order of St. Clare. An order of women, dedicated to living an oath of poverty and service, just as the Order of Friars Minor, formed by St. Francis just three years prior.[3]
By 1216, Francis was able to offer Clare and her companions a monastery adjoining the chapel ofSan Damiano where she becameabbess. Clare's mother, two of her sisters and some other wealthy women fromFlorence soon joined her new order. Clare dedicated her order to the strict principles of Francis, setting a rule of extreme poverty far more severe than that of any female order of the time.[4] Clare's determination that her order not be wealthy or own property, and that the nuns live entirely from alms given by local people, was initially protected by the papal bullPrivilegium paupertatis, issued byPope Innocent III.[5] By this time the order had grown to number three monasteries.
The movement quickly spread, though in a somewhat disorganized fashion, with several monasteries of women devoted to the Franciscan ideal springing up elsewhere in Northern Italy. At this point Ugolino, Cardinal Bishop ofOstia (the futurePope Gregory IX), was given the task of overseeing all such monasteries and preparing a formalMonastic Rule. Although monasteries at Monticello,Perugia,Siena, Gattajola and elsewhere adopted the new rule – which allowed for property to be held in trust by the papacy for the various communities – it was not adopted by Clare herself or her monastery at San Damiano.[5] Ugolino's Rule, originally based on theBenedictine one, was amended in 1263 by Pope Urban IV to allow for the communal ownership of property, and was adopted by a growing number of monasteries acrossEurope. Communities adopting this less rigorous rule came to be known as the Order of Saint Clare (OSC) or the Urbanist Poor Clares.[6]
Clare herself resisted the Ugolino Rule, since it did not closely enough follow the ideal of complete poverty advocated by Francis. On 9 August 1253, she managed to obtain apapal bull,Solet annuere, establishing a rule of her own, more closely following that of the friars, whichforbade the possession of property either individually or as a community. Originally applying only to Clare's community at San Damiano, this rule was also adopted by many monasteries.[5] Communities that followed this stricter rule were fewer in number than the followers of the rule formulated by Cardinal Ugolino, and became known simply as "Poor Clares" (PC) or Primitives. Many sources before 1263 refer to them as Damianites (after San Damiano).[7]
The situation was further complicated a century later whenColette of Corbie restored the primitive rule of strict poverty to 17 French monasteries. Her followers came to be called theColettine Poor Clares (PCC). Two further branches, theCapuchin Poor Clares (OSCCap) and theAlcantarines, also followed the strict observance.[6] The later group disappeared as a distinct group when their observance among the friars was ended, with the friars being merged by theHoly See into the wider observant branch of the First Order.
The spread of the order began in 1218 when a monastery was founded inPerugia; new foundations quickly followed inFlorence,Venice,Mantua, andPadua.Agnes of Assisi, a sister of Clare, introduced the order toSpain, whereBarcelona andBurgos hosted major communities. The order then expanded toBelgium andFrance, where a monastery was founded atReims in 1229, followed byMontpellier,Cahors,Bordeaux,Metz, andBesançon. A monastery atMarseille was founded directly from Assisi in 1254.[5] The Poor Clares monastery founded byQueen Margaret in Paris, St. Marcel, was where she died in 1295.[8]King Philip IV andQueen Joan founded a monastery at Moncel in the Beauvais diocese.[8] By A.D. 1300 there were 47 Poor Clare monasteries in Spain alone.[4]
The growth the Poor Clare community was experiencing would not last long. Plagues and wars would soon devastate Europe from the 1340s and onward.[9] Plagues such as the Black Death alone would kill up to 20 million people in Europe.[10] In addition, there would be many different military conflicts that would also affect the Poor Clares, such as The Hundred Years’ War that would start in 1337 and go to 1453.[11] Due to the extreme loss of life from both sickness and war, many religious communities were forced to rebuild and recruit more people to the order.[12]
The Poor Clares were a part of this and would have to redefine who they were and who they would let into the order as they were eager to build it back up. For example, prior to both The Hundred Years’ War and the Black Plague in 1330, The Poor Clares had around 80 women who were a part of the order in Toulouse, France. However, by 1370, The Poor Clares’ would only have four women who were still a part of the order. This would lead them to evacuate to local towns and start recruiting individuals to the order. Not all the people who were recruited by the Poor Clares during this time were willing to embrace vows of abstinence, poverty, or obedience. This would bring conflict within the order as there wasn’t unity in the standards that were once the foundation of what the Poor Clares stood for.[9] This would lead to several reform movements, such as the one spearheaded by Juan the 1st.[12]
The first Poor Clare monastery in England was founded in 1286 inNewcastle upon Tyne.[13] In medieval England, where the nuns were known as "minoresses", their principal monastery was located nearAldgate, known as theAbbey of the Order of St Clare. The order gave its name to the still-extant street known asMinories on the eastern boundary of theCity of London.
After thedissolution of the monasteries under KingHenry VIII, several religious communities formed incontinental Europe forEnglish Catholics. One such was aPoor Clare monastery founded in 1609 atGravelines byMary Ward.[13] Poor Clare nuns from Walloon Convent and eight English women, one of whom being Mary Ward, rented a place in town until the convent was completed.[14] The convent was completed in 1609 and provided a permanent place for the nuns to live until 1626 when a fire destroyed most of the building and forced the nuns to seek temporary shelter until it was repaired. Disaster struck again in 1654 when an explosion destroyed almost all of the town, including the convent.[15]
Later expelled from their monastery by theFrench Revolutionary Army in 1795, the community eventually relocated toEngland. They settled first in Northumberland, and then in 1857 built a monastery inDarlington,[13] which was in existence until 2007.
FollowingCatholic emancipation in the first half of the 19th century, other Poor Clares came to theUnited Kingdom,[16] eventually establishing communities in, e.g.,Notting Hill (1857, which was forced to relocate by the local council in the 1960s, and settled in the village ofArkley in 1969),[17]Woodchester (1860–2011),Levenshulme (1863),[18]Much Birch (1880),Arundel (1886),Lynton (founded fromRennes, France, 1904–2010s),Woodford Green (1920–1969),York (1865–2015)[19] andNottingham (1927–2023).[20][21]
The community inLuton was founded in 1976 to meet a shortage of teachers for local Catholic schools. It was originally based at 18 London Road in a large Edwardian house. In 1996, the community refocused on a ministry of social work and prayer, and moved to a smaller, modern home at Abigail Close, Wardown Park.[22]
With the Reformation, nuns in catholic monasteries in Germany would be forced to leave their convents and return to family or other networks.[23]
The Poor Clares Order is the longest-surviving female religious community in Ireland. As of 2024, the Poor Clares celebrated their 382nd anniversary of being in Ireland.[24] InIreland there are seven monasteries of the Colettine Observance. The community with the oldest historical roots is the monastery onNuns' Island inGalway, which traces its history back to the monastery in Gravelines. The community has a rare book collection which is the most comprehensive single collection of early-modern Clarissan material in English in the world.[25]
It was an English woman, popularly known as the Venerable Mary Ward, who founded a convent of English Poor Clares in Gravelines France in the 17th century.[26] Women from different countries would come and seek admission there. One of them was a young woman, known as Marianna Cheevers, who sought admission into the abbey in 1619. Marianna was a young Irish woman from Wexford, and she became the first Irish Poor Clare since the Reformation. She was professed in December of 1620 and was followed by four other woman from Ireland. Two of the women who joined her were daughters of Viscount Dillon, one of whom was Cisly Dillon, and the other two were Alse Nugent from Westmeath and Mary Doudal from Dublin. By May of 1625, all five of them would be professed and become the first five Poor Clares from Ireland since the Reformation. The five women were determined to start a convent that was exclusively Irish and selected Cisly Dillon, daughter ofTheobald Dillon, 1st Viscount Dillon, to be their abbess, even though she was only 22 at the time.[27]
On May 20, 1625, they would arrive at the town of Dunkirk, which was only 14 miles from Gravelines,[27] and was located on the coast in the Low Countries. The Low Countries would have been swarming with the Irish at that time.[28] As the Irish fought in almost all the Spanish wars as mercenaries from 1587 to 1814, in fact, in 1585, Queen Elizabeth pledged to help the protestant Dutch fight for their independence from the Spanish Catholics and sent over 500 Irish Catholics to fight.[29] When the Irish and their English Colonel William Stanley, who was also catholic, found out that they had been sent to fight the Spanish Catholics, they quickly changed sides in the conflict and paved the way for thousands of other Irish people to come and fight for the Spanish.[27] It was soldiers like these that Cisly and the others hoped to help. People like Owen Roe O’Neil, a famous soldier and leader in Irish history,[30] would have been around the Low Countries at this time. Other Irish men like Owen, grew up in places like the Spanish Netherlands[31] and the Low Countries (located north of France) and would not return to Ireland unless brought back by fellow insurgents or family members still living in Ireland.[32] In other words, the Low Countries and the Spanish Netherlands were full of Irish Catholics.
As all five of the women had connections among Irish officers, it is unsurprising that they wanted to form a convent in the Low Countries. What is surprising is the courage they exercised as they had no money. They hoped to survive on the money they received with alms, but their alms were not enough. Unable to make the high rent, they were forced to leave after eighteen short months and moved to a town called Nieuport, which was just further up the coast close to Ostend. Since most of their donations came from Ireland and the war was going on, they had little to nothing to etch out a living. Since Charles the 1st was now king, they wondered if they should return to Ireland. Communities that had been shut down after the Reformation were being restored by the Irish Franciscans.[27] Though Charles the 2nd would have had a greater impact in the restoration of Catholicism than Charles the 1st, if only for the fact that he enjoyed a longer reign as monarch of England than his father.[33]
In June of 1629, the Poor Clares finally arrived in Ireland, and the five nuns settled in Dublin. They set up a convent on Merchants’ Quay[24] and received twelve novices, out of whom they professed six. Everything was going well until on February 24, 1630 an order from England came to close all religious houses. They managed to remain hidden until October 22, 1630, when they were apprehended by authorities. As they were being marched off, people in the street saw them in their habits and started a riot to free them. Abbess Cisly was able to quiet the mob, and after being interrogated by authorities, the women were allowed to leave and given orders to dissolve the convent and told to leave Dublin within the month.[27]
They separated into groups of two to avoid attention, and the young Abbess Cisly went to her father’s estate and found a piece of land that was away from the public.[27] The nuns named it Bethlehem, as they would take shelter here, just as Christ Jesus took shelter in the stable following his birth. They lived there in peace for over a decade and were renowned for their piety. After some time, they built a nunnery in Drogheda and started to grow in numbers. Though those ten years were a blessing of peace, unrest would plague them again.[24] Persecution under the Penal Laws and the Irish rebellion would lead to the destruction of their monastery and would leave them with no choice but to dissolve for a time.[34] Many of them took refuge in Dublin and eventually formed a convent there and that community would become one of the oldest communities in Ireland.[27] Originally a separate community ofIrish women under a commonmother superior with the English nuns,[35] they moved toDublin in 1629, the first monastic community in Ireland for a century. The first Abbess wasCisly Dillon, a daughter ofTheobald Dillon, 1st Viscount Dillon.[27]
War forced the community to move back to Galway in 1642. From that point on, persecution under thePenal Laws and war led to repeated destruction of their monastery and scattering of the community over two centuries, until 1825, when fifteen nuns were able to re-establish monastic life permanently on the site.[36]
Later monasteries were founded in 1906 in bothCarlow andDublin. From these, foundations were established inCork (1914) andEnnis (1958). In 1973, anenclosed community of nuns of theFranciscan Third Order Regular inDrumshanbo, founded in England in 1852 and established there in 1864, transferred to theSecond Order, under this Observance.[37]
There is Poor Clares monastery inFaughart,County Louth.[38]
Currently there are communities of Colettine Poor Clares inBruges,Belgium, as well as inEindhoven, theNetherlands, and inLarvik,Norway. There are several monasteries inHungary,Lithuania andPoland of the Urbanist and Capuchin Observances.
There are notable Clarissine churches inBamberg,Bratislava,Brixen, andNuremberg. There also is a small community inMünster,Germany, and a Capuchin monastery inSigolsheim, France.
The last six Poor Clare nuns from a convent in Belgium were able to sell their convent by selling luxury vehicles, and move to the South of France.[39]
TheConvent of Saint Clare is located in Burgos,Spain.[40] A Poor Clares convent inBelorado ran into conflicts with the Vatican in the 2020s, and ten of their members were excommunicated.[41]
There would be six different attempts at establishments in Toulouse, a city in France, as people kept reforming the order.[42] After the Black Plague[43] and different wars in Europe, the Poor Clares in Toulouse went from a group of around 80 women to a group of 4.[7] As they regrouped and converted people to the order, the remaining sisters ran into a problem. Not all of the people who joined the Poor Clares were willing to take vows of abstinence, obedience, and poverty.[44] There eventually came a Tordesillas reform, which was spearheaded by Juan 1st. This reform gained traction, and other monasteries ended up combining with it and forming the Santa Maria la Real or Santa Clara de Tordesillas. Eventually, though, they would be brought under the review of the Observant provincial vicar, and some would be forced to comply with violence. It is because of this dissent that the Colettine Reform movement happened.[45]
Colette was born in 1381, and when her parents died when she was seventeen, she sold all her possessions and took personal vows of poverty. People such as Jean Pinet and Henry of Baume would point her toward the Franciscan order. Colette would later record receiving visions about the need to restore the vows of poverty to the Franciscan order.[7] In 1406, she received aid from different noble women such as Blanche of Geneva and the pope, who would give her permission to establish a community that emphasized the ideals of poverty, as long as it was along the lines of what Clare of Assisi had tried to do so long ago. Pope Urban IV would end up changing the name of the order to the Order of St. Claire in 1263 as a tribute to her[46]
After an abortive attempt to establish the order in the United States in the early 1800s by three nuns who were refugees ofRevolutionary France, the Poor Clares were not permanently established in the country until the late 1870s.
A small group of Colettine nuns arrived fromDüsseldorf, Germany, seeking a refuge for the community which had been expelled from their monastery by the government policies of theKulturkampf. They found a welcome in theDiocese of Cleveland, and in 1877 established a monastery in that city. At the urging ofMary Ignatius Hayes in 1875Pope Pius IX had already authorized the sending of nuns to establish a monastery of Poor Clares of the Primitive Observance from San Damiano in Assisi. After the reluctance on the part of many bishops to accept them, due to their reliance upon donations for their maintenance, a community was finally established inOmaha,Nebraska, in 1878.[47]
Currently[when?] there are also monasteries in (among other places):Alexandria, Virginia (PCC);[48]Andover, Massachusetts;[49]Belleville, Illinois (PCC);[50]Bordentown, New Jersey;Boston, Massachusetts;Brenham, Texas;Chicago, Illinois;[51]Cincinnati, Ohio;[52]Cleveland, Ohio (OSC, PCC and PCPA);Fort Wayne, Indiana;Evansville, Indiana;[53]Kokomo, Indiana;[54]Los Altos Hills, California;Memphis, Tennessee;[55]metropolitan Richmond, Virginia;[56]New Orleans, Louisiana;Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;[57]Phoenix, Arizona; Rockford, Illinois (PCC);[58]Roswell, New Mexico (PCC);[59]Saginaw, Michigan;Spokane, Washington;[60]/Travelers Rest, South Carolina;Washington D.C.;[61] andWappingers Falls, New York.[62] Additionally there are monasteries inAlabama (PCPA),California,Florida,Missouri,Montana andTennessee. Since the 1980s, the nuns of New York City have formed small satellite communities inConnecticut andNew Jersey. There is one monastery of the Capuchin Observance inDenver, Colorado, founded from Mexico in 1988.[63]
There are three monasteries of the order in Canada:St. Clare's Monastery atDuncan, British Columbia; and atMission, British Columbia; and aFrench-speaking community inValleyfield, Quebec.[63]
There have been monasteries of the order inMexico since colonial days. The Capuchin nuns alone number some 1,350 living in 73 different monasteries around the country.[64]
A monastery was founded inHuehuetenango,Guatemala, by nuns from the community inMemphis, Tennessee, in November 1981, in the early days of a bloodycivil war which ravaged that country; as of 2011, it consisted of seven nuns; five Guatemalans and twoSalvadorans.[65]
The Poor Clares were massacred atAcre during the reconquest ofPalestineafter theCrusades. They returned toNazareth in 1884 andJerusalem [he] in 1888.St Charles de Foucauld served both communities between 1897 and 1900. These French Clarissians were expelled from theOttoman Empire at the onset ofWorld War I; the communities were subsequently reestablished in 1949 amid thecreation of Israel.
The Poor Clare in thePhilippines was led byJeronima of the Assumption who was authorized by the King of Spain and theMinister General of theOrder of Friars Minor to go there to found a monastery. She was fromToledo, Spain and left Madrid in April 1620 in her 60s and arrived inManila on 5 August 1621 with other 14 sisters. They are the first contemplative nuns who arrived in the Philippine archipelago to support the active works of evangelization of theFranciscans working in the country through their life of contemplation, penance, poverty, and enclosure.
Together with the Alcantarine Friars who came to the Philippines in 1578 and strive to live the ideals ofFrancis of Assisi in a very rigorous way, the Poor Clare sisters also professed the Rule and life ofClare of Assisi. They heightened their witnessing of the "privilege of poverty" of Clare by not having a permanent income but rather opened their gates of the Divine Providence through alms and the generosity of the people.
Their Monastery inIntramuros was severely devastated by an earthquake. However, through the efforts of the people around, it was rebuilt and has a larger space compared to the former monastery. During the war for independence in the year 1945, the monastery was destroyed again and the sisters were forced to evacuate the place. For the meantime, they were sheltered at the Minor Seminary of the Franciscans in San Francisco del Monte, Quezon City for 5 years. The present location of the Monastery is at Aurora Boulevard, C5, Katipunan, Quezon City. Because of the zeal for the contemplative life, the founder's cause is ongoing for beatification.
Apart from the said monastery, it also expand its presence from the different parts of the country. The country has 27 monasteries in total:Sariaya Quezon (1957);Calbayog, Samar (1965); Betis andGuagua, Pampanga (1968);Cabuyao, Laguna and Tayud,Cebu (1975):Maria, Siquijor andIsabela, Basilan in (1986); Josefina, Zamboanga del Sur, (1989);Kidapawan, North Cotabato,Balanga Bataan,Lopez (Quezon Province), and Cabid-an, Sorsogon (1990); Guibang, Isabela,Mondragon, Northern Samar andNaval, Biliran (1991); Iguig, Tuguegarao (1992);Bolinao, Pangasinan andCantilan, Surigao del Sur (1993);Boac, Marinduque andPolomolok, South Cotabato (1998);Aritao, Nueva Vizcaya (1999); Tabon-tabon,Albay andSan Jose, Antique (2004);Borongan, Eastern Samar andMalasiqui Pangasinan (2011) andTabuk, Kalinga (2017). The Poor Clare Monastery in Palawan province is founded by the Monastery from China.
Furthermore, their expansion does not only limit in the Philippine archipelago but also helped the aging communities inTahiti,France,Italy,England,Germany,Egypt, USA. They were able to found new monasteries in abroad such as inMalaysia,Papua New Guinea,Taiwan,Hongkong.
There are also monastery fromKiryū, Gunma,Japan, which was founded from the monastery in Boston in 1965.[66]
Saints
Blesseds
Declared Blessed by popular acclaim
Venerables
Servants of God
