Ponton orpontoon styling is an automotive design genre that spanned roughly from the 1930s-1960s, whenpontoon-like bodywork enclosed the full width and uninterrupted length of a car body — eliminating previously distinctrunning boards and articulatedfenders.[1] The integrated fenders of an automobile with ponton styling may also be calledpontoon fenders, and the overall trend may also be known asenvelope styling.[2][3]
Now largely archaic, the termponton describes the markedly bulbous, slab-sided configuration ofpostwar European cars, including those ofMercedes-Benz,Opel,Auto Union,DKW,Borgward,[4]Lancia,Fiat,Rover,Renault, andVolvo—as well as similar designs from North America and Japan, sometimes — in its most exaggerated usage — called the "bathtub" look in the U.S.[5]
The term derives from theFrench andGerman wordponton, meaning 'pontoon'.[6] TheLangenscheidt German–English dictionary definesPontonkarrosserie as "all-enveloping bodywork, straight-through side styling, slab-sided styling."[7]
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In 1921, Hungarian aerodynamicistPaul Jaray requested a patent for a streamlined car with an evenly shaped lower body, that covers the wheels and runs parallel to the floor space. A year later he presented his first running prototype with such a body, the "Ley T6",[8] and in 1923Auto Union presented a streamliner concept car, designed by Jaray.
Another of the first known cars with a ponton body is theBugatti Type 32 "Tank" which participated in the 1923 French Grand Prix at Tours.
In 1922 theRomanian engineerAurel Persu filed a patent application for an "aerodynamically-shaped automobile with the wheels mounted inside the aerodynamic body" having a drag coefficient of only 0.22 and received it in Germany in 1924. Named thePersu Streamliner the car was built in Germany by Persu, with the help of several local companies.[9] During his research Persu established that the most adequate aerodynamic shape was that of a water droplet falling to the ground.
In 1924, Fidelis Böhler designed one of the first production cars with a ponton body, theHanomag 2/10.[10] The car's body resembled a loaf ofbread earning it thesobriquet of "Kommissbrot"—a coarse whole grain bread as issued by the army.[11] The economical car was produced from 1924 to 1928. Böhler built the core body around two side-by-side passenger seats. He dispensed withrunning boards and integrated the fenders in the body to save on weight."[12] The inexpensive car became popular with consumers in Germany.[10]
In 1935,Vittorio Jano, working with the brothers Gino and Oscar Jankovitz, created a one-off mid-engine prototype on anAlfa Romeo 6C 2300 chassis,[13] which Jano had shipped toFiume in 1934. The brothers Jankovitz had been close friends with designer Paul Jaray,[13] and the prototype, called theAlfa Romeo Aerodinamica Spider, featuredponton styling[13]—an especially early and clear example of the bulbous, uninterrupted forms that would come to characterize the genre.
In 1937,Pinin Farina designed a flowing ponton-style body for theLancia Apriliaberlinetta aerodynamica coupé,[14] and also the open body on the 1940 Lancia Aprilia Cabriolet.[15]
The 1946Cisitalia 202 coupé, which Farina designed from sketches by Cisitalia's Giovanni Savonuzzi, was the car that "transformed postwar automobile design" according to New York'sMuseum of Modern Art (MoMA). MoMA acquired an example for its permanent collection in 1951, noting that the car's "hood, body, fenders, and headlights are integral to the continuously flowing surface, rather than added on.[16] Rounded, flowing forms, with unbroken horizontal lines between the fenders—the style had identified as "the so-called Ponton Side Design" became "the new fashion in Europe".[17]
Two of the first American cars with fresh post-war styling, that adopted the new envelope body style, were the 1946Frazer /Kaiser, and the 1946Crosley CC series.[18] TheHoward "Dutch" Darrin-designed Frazer won the Fashion Academy of New York Gold Medal for design achievement, and was said to have been the inspiration for the 1949Borgward Hansa 1500, Germany's first sedan in the ponton style.[19]
In the Soviet Union, theGAZ-M20 Pobeda came into production in June 1946.[20] This was within a couple days of the first 1946 Kaiser rolling off the production line. Only 23 cars were produced in 1946, however, and full scale production didn't begin until mid 1947.[21]
In Britain, theStandard Vanguard went on sale in 1947.[20] The 1947Studebaker Champion, designed byVirgil Exner and Roy Cole featured an innovative rear end that "surprised Americans who smiled and asked :which way is it going?"[17][22] However, the design is sometimes erroneously attributed toRaymond Loewy.[17]
In 1948, the CzechoslovakianTatra 600 began production, a large, rear-engine design using an aeroplane inspired body style.
Ford andGeneral Motors followed the trend with their own designs from 1949.[17] Ford examples are the1949 Ford (USA), theFord Taunus P1 (Germany) and theFord Zephyr (United Kingdom}). General Motors examples are the1949 Chevrolet (USA), theVauxhall Velox (United Kingdom, after 1951) and theOpel Kapitän (Germany, after 1953).
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One of the earliest completely new styled cars that were introduced after World War II in the United States were the 1949Nash models.Popular Science magazine described the new "pontoon" Nashes as "the most obvious departure from previous designs."[23] They "carried the fender less pontoon-body, fast-back shape further than the competition."[24] This Nash design became a "family appearance" for their automobiles that also included theNash-Healey.[25] The 1952 redesign of the two-seat sports car took on an "even closer family appearance" to the redesigned Nash models by featuring "pontoon-type fenders fore and aft."[25] The new styling also moved the headlights "from the pontoon fenders to the grille."[26]
The term is also used in reference to Mercedes-Benz models from 1953 to 1962. For example, a book about the marque refers to "the Ponton", the "Ponton saloon", "Ponton 220", "Ponton 220S and SE coupes and cabriolets", and "the Ponton models".[27]
A General Motors document refers to the 1953 Olympia Record as "the first Opel with a full-width, or ponton, body shell".[28]
TheVolkswagen Beetle carried articulated running boards and fenders, but the subsequentVolkswagen Type 3 became known for its ponton styling; in the Netherlands the Volkswagen Type 3 (1961–1974) 2-door notchback sedan was referred to asthe Ponton.[29][30]
In a reference work on alternative-energy vehicles, electrical-engineering academics used the term as a generic forsaloon cars withthree-box design;[31] also a 2007 German work on car design and technology mentions a "Rover-Ponton" (ponton-style Rover);[32] and a French book on art and design also used the term in an automotive context in 1996.[33]
Pontoon fenders are a type ofautomobile fender, or "wings" as they are more usually called in the United Kingdom.
Originally the term referred to a design prevalent in the United States in the 1930s where front fenders encased a wheel and terminated in a teardrop point, remaining distinct from the running boards or the body of the car. Examples include theCord 810/812, theAuburn Speedster and several designs byFrench Carrossiers, notablyFigoni et Falaschi.
In 1938, TheBuick Y-Job, the auto industry's firstconcept car was "meant to be a vision of the future of the automobile and test the reaction of customers to the new design with streamline and ponton elements",[34] displaying a further degree of integration of the pontoon fenders with the main body of the car.
Subsequently, the term pontoon fender took on another more prominent definition, derived from the wartime practice inGermany of adding full-length tread armor along each side of a tank, attached primarily on the top edge—and resembling pontoons. As this roughly coincided with the automobile styling trend where distinct running boards and articulated fenders became less common — with cars carrying integrated front fenders and full-width, full-length bodywork — the fenders took on the "pontoon fender" nickname.
The post-war trend of the markedly round, slab-sided designs became itself known as ponton styling—with many postwarMercedes-Benz models informally nicknamed the "Ponton".
The British assumed the latter definition, using it in such works as theBeaulieuNational Motor Museum Encyclopaedia of the Automobile.
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The Model B-A's "envelope body," a styling feature previously incorporated in the postwar Kaiser-Frazer cars ...
The new cars featured clean lines with smooth envelope-style bodies on a lengthened 112-inch wheelbase...
Pontonkarrosserie
