Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), also commonly calledpovidone, is a water-solublepolymer compound made from themonomerN-vinylpyrrolidone.[1] PVP is available in a range of molecular weights and related viscosities, and can be selected according to the desired application properties.[2]
Structure of povidone-iodine complex, a common antiseptic[3]
There are high-purity injectable grades of PVP available on the market, for specific use in intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous applications.[2]
PVP is a frequently usedbinder in pharmaceutical tablet formulations.[4] Pharmacokinetic studies in humans and various laboratory animal models indicate no to very little systemic absorption of PVP following oral administration.[5]
PVP added toiodine forms a complex calledpovidone-iodine that possessesdisinfectant properties.[6] This complex is used in various products such as solutions,ointment,pessaries, liquid soaps, and surgical scrubs. It is sold under the trade names Pyodine and Betadine, among others.
It is used inpleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions). For this purpose, povidone-iodine is as effective and safe astalc, and may be preferred because of its easy availability and low cost.[7]
PVP is used in somecontact lenses and their packaging solutions. It reduces friction, thus acting as a lubricant, orwetting agent, built into the lens. Examples of this use includeBausch & Lomb's Ultra contact lenses with MoistureSeal Technology,[8] Air Optix contact lens packaging solution (as an ingredient called "copolymer 845"),[9] andJohnson & Johnson'sAcuvue contact lenses.[10]
PVP is used as a lubricant in some eye drops, e.g. Bausch & Lomb's Soothe.[11]
PVP was used as aplasmavolume expander for trauma victims after the 1950s. It is not preferred as a volume expander due to its ability to provoke histamine release and also interfere with blood grouping.[citation needed]
as an aid for increasing the solubility of drugs in liquid and semi-liquid dosage forms (syrups, soft gelatinecapsules) and as an inhibitor ofrecrystallisation[14]
as an additive to Doro's RNA extraction buffer[citation needed]
as a liquid-phase dispersion enhancing agent in DOSYNMR[15]
as a surfactant, reducing agent, shape controlling agent and dispersant in nanoparticle synthesis and their self-assembly[16]
as a stabilizing agent in all inorganic solar cells[17]
PVP binds topolar molecules exceptionally well, owing to itspolarity. This has led to its application in coatings for photo-quality ink-jet papers and transparencies, as well as in inks forinkjet printers.
In in-vitro fertilisation laboratories, polyvinylpyrrolidone is used to slow down spermatozoa in order to capture them for e.g. ICSI.
Inmolecular biology, PVP can be used as a blocking agent duringSouthern blot analysis as a component ofDenhardt's buffer. It is also exceptionally good at absorbing polyphenols during DNA purification.Polyphenols are common in many plant tissues and can deactivate proteins if not removed and therefore inhibit many downstream reactions like PCR.
Inmicroscopy, PVP is useful for making an aqueous mounting medium.[20]
PVP can be used to screen forphenolic properties, as referenced in a 2000 study on the effect of plant extracts on insulin production.[21]
However, there have been documented cases ofallergic reactions to PVP/povidone, particularly regardingsubcutaneous (applied under the skin) use and situations where the PVP has come in contact with autologousserum (internal blood fluids) andmucous membranes.
A woman had experiencedurticaria (hives) from various hair products, later found to contain PVP. The woman had ananaphylactic response afterpovidone-iodine solution was applied internally during a surgery. She was found to beallergic to PVP.[24]
Additionally, Povidone is commonly used in conjunction with otherchemicals. Some of these, such asiodine andpenicillin,[26] for example, are blamed forallergic responses. Yet subsequent testing results in some patients show no signs ofallergy to the suspectchemical.Allergies attributed to these other chemicals may possibly be caused by the PVP instead.[27][28]
PVP is soluble inwater and other polarsolvents. For example, it is soluble in various alcohols, such asmethanol andethanol,[29] as well as in more exotic solvents like thedeep eutectic solvent formed bycholine chloride andurea (Relin).[30] When dry it is a light flakyhygroscopic powder, readily absorbing up to 40% of its weight in atmospheric water. In solution, it has excellent wetting properties and readily forms films. This makes it good as a coating or an additive to coatings.
A 2014 study found fluorescent properties of PVP and its oxidized hydrolyzate.[31]
Povidone was first synthesized byBASF chemistWalter Reppe, and a patent was filed in 1939 for one of the derivatives of acetylene chemistry. PVP was initially used as a blood plasma substitute and later in a wide variety of applications in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics and industrial production.[32][33] BASF continues to make PVP, including a pharmaceutical portfolio under the brand name of Kollidon.[2]
^Das SK, Saha SK, Das A, Halder AK, Banerjee SN, Chakraborty M (2008). "A study of comparison of efficacy and safety of talc and povidone iodine for pleurodesis of malignant pleural effusions".Journal of the Indian Medical Association.106 (9):589–90, 592.PMID19552086.
^Swei, J.; Talbot, J. B. (2006). "Development of high-definition aqueous polyvinylpyrrolidone photoresists for cathode ray tubes".Journal of Applied Polymer Science.102 (2):1637–1644.Bibcode:2006JAPS..102.1637S.doi:10.1002/app.23950.
^Kavakka, J. S.; KilpeläInen, I.; Heikkinen, S. (2009). "General Chromatographic NMR Method in Liquid State for Synthetic Chemistry: Polyvinylpyrrolidone Assisted DOSY Experiments".Organic Letters.11 (6):1349–52.doi:10.1021/ol9001398.PMID19231850.
^Fischer, Frank & Bauer, Stephan (2009). "Ein Polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP): ein vielseitiges Spezialpolymer – Verwendung in der Keramik und als Metallabschreckmedium".Keramische Zeitschrift.61 (6):382–385.
^Göthlich, Alexander; Koltzenburg, Sebastian; Schornick, Gunnar (2005). "Funktionale Polymere im Alltag: Vielseitig".Chemie in unserer Zeit.39 (4):262–273.doi:10.1002/ciuz.200400346.
^Lillie RD & Fullmer HM (1976)Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 411.ISBN0-07-037862-2.
^Broadhurst, C. Leigh; Polansky, Marilyn M; Anderson, Richard A (2 March 2000). "Insulin-like Biological Activity of Culinary and Medicinal Plant Aqueous Extracts in Vitro".Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.48 (3):849–52.Bibcode:2000JAFC...48..849B.doi:10.1021/jf9904517.PMID10725162.
^Inactive Ingredients in FDA Approved Drugs. FDA/Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Division of Labeling and Program Support. Database Update Frequency: Quarterly. Data Through: 6 January 2010. Database Last Updated: 13 January 2010 – search on povidone for list of approved items
^Yoshida K, Sakurai Y, Kawahara S, et al. (2008). "Anaphylaxis to polyvinylpyrrolidone in povidone-iodine for impetigo contagiosum in a boy with atopic dermatitis".International Archives of Allergy and Immunology.146 (2):169–73.doi:10.1159/000113522.PMID18204285.S2CID25078233.
^Adachi A, Fukunaga A, Hayashi K, Kunisada M, Horikawa T (March 2003). "Anaphylaxis to polyvinylpyrrolidone after vaginal application of povidone-iodine".Contact Dermatitis.48 (3):133–6.doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2003.00050.x.PMID12755725.S2CID22975127.
^Song, Guoshan; Lin, Yannan; Zhu, Zhongcheng; Zheng, Heying; Qiao, Jinping; He, Changcheng; Wang, Huiliang (2015). "Strong Fluorescence of Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) and Its Oxidized Hydrolyzate".Macromolecular Rapid Communications.36 (3):278–85.doi:10.1002/marc.201400516.PMID25420749.
^Fischer, Frank; Bauer, Stephan (2009). "Polyvinylpyrrolidon. Ein Tausendsassa in der Chemie".Chemie in unserer Zeit.43 (6):376–383.doi:10.1002/ciuz.200900492.
