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Politics of the Republic of Korea 대한민국의 정치 (Korean) | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Polity type | Unitarypresidential constitutional republic[1] |
| Constitution | Constitution of the Republic of Korea |
| Legislative branch | |
| Name | National Assembly |
| Type | Unicameral |
| Meeting place | National Assembly Building |
| Presiding officer | Woo Won-shik,Speaker of the National Assembly |
| Executive branch | |
| Head of state andgovernment | |
| Title | President |
| Currently | Lee Jae-myung |
| Appointer | Direct popular vote |
| Cabinet | |
| Name | State Council |
| Leader | President |
| Deputy leader | Prime Minister |
| Appointer | President |
| Headquarters | Yongsan,Seoul |
| Ministries | 18 |
| Judicial branch | |
| Name | Judiciary of South Korea |
| Supreme Court | |
| Chief judge | Cho Hee-dae |
| Constitutional Court | |
| Chief judge | Lee Jongseok |
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Thepolitics of South Korea take place in the framework of apresidentialrepresentative democraticrepublic, whereby thepresident is thehead of state, and of amulti-party system. To ensure a separation of powers, the government of theRepublic of Korea is made up of three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. The government exercisesexecutive power, andlegislative power is vested in both thegovernment and theNational Assembly. Thejudiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature and comprises aSupreme Court, appellate courts, and aConstitutional Court.
Since 1948, theconstitution has undergone five major revisions, each signifying a new republic. The current Sixth Republic began with the last major constitutional revision that took effect in 1988. From its founding until theJune Democratic Struggle, the South Korean political system operated under amilitaryauthoritarian regime, with the freedom of assembly, association, expression, press and religion as well as civil society activism being tightly restricted. During that period, there were no freely elected national leaders, political opposition was suppressed, dissent was not permitted and civil rights were curtailed.
TheEconomist Intelligence Unit rated South Korea a "full democracy" in 2022.[2][needs update] According to theV-Dem Democracy indices in 2023, South Korea was the third most electoraldemocratic country in Asia.[3] South Korea is often cited as a model of democracy due to its relatively peaceful and internally-driven democratic transition.[4][5][6][7][8]
The period from the mid-2000s to mid-2010s are often considered South Korea's backsliding period. Although, some have argued South Korea has hit a democratic ceiling and changes are more characteristic of democratic stagnation, rather than outright regression. This took the form of more state involvement (particularly through theKorea Communications Commission or KCC) in media control and less editorial independence among journalists with conservative media owners.[9][10]
Overall, political expression lagged behind comparable democracies.[11][12] Additionally, South Korea has very strict election and campaign finance regulations, that includes no door-to-door canvassing and, consequently, some have cited these regulations as barriers to political expression and free and fair elections.[13][14] These changes have largely attributed to South Korea's weak political party structure that emphasizes leaders and, consequently, hyper-presidentialism. Moreover, a right-left ideological divide has been more deeply entrenched into South Korean political society.[15][16][17] However, South Korea is considered to have a strong civil society orsimin sahoe manifested through a large number of civic organizations that prevented further backsliding via the2016-2017 Candlelight Demonstrations.[18][15] South Korea was also plagued by strongregionalism, dating back to theSilla-Baekje rivalry.[19]
Under more recent administrations such as PresidentYoon Suk Yeol, South Korea has taken a stance as a "Global Pivotal State," which involves a greater role in East Asia as a democratic power. Despite its own democratic struggles, South Korea has taken an active role on democracy on the global stage, having hosted the 2024Summit for Democracy and committing to "strengthen coordination on promoting democracy and protecting human rights" at the2023 Camp David Summit with the U.S. and Japan, bolstering their trilateral relationship.[20]
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| President | Lee Jae-myung | Democratic | 4 June 2025 |
| Acting Prime Minister | Lee Ju-ho | Independent | 2 May 2025 |
The head of state is the president, who is elected by direct popular vote for a single five-year[21] term. The president is Commander-in-Chief of theRepublic of Korea Armed Forces and enjoys considerable executive powers.
The president appoints the prime minister with approval of the National Assembly, as well as appointing and presiding over the State Council of chief ministers as the head of government. On 12 March 2004, the executive power of then PresidentRoh Moo-hyun was suspended when the Assembly voted to impeach him and Prime MinisterGoh Kun became an Acting President. On 14 May 2004, the Constitutional Court overturned the impeachment decision made by the Assembly and Roh was reinstated.
On 4 June 2025,Lee Jae-myung succeededYoon Suk Yeol as president of South Korea.[22]
The National Assembly (Korean: 국회;Hanja: 國會;RR: gukhoe) has 300 members, elected for a four-year term, 253 members in single-seatconstituencies and 47 members byproportional representation. The rulingDemocratic Party of Korea is the largest party in the Assembly.
The South Korean judiciary is independent of the other two branches of government, and is composed of two differenthighest courts. Inferior ordinary courts are under the Supreme Court, whose justices are appointed by the president of South Korea with the consent of the National Assembly. In addition, the Constitutional Court oversees questions of constitutionality, as single and the only court whose justices are appointed by the president of South Korea by equal portion of nomination from the president, the National Assembly, and the Supreme Court Chief justice. South Korea has not accepted compulsoryICJ jurisdiction.
South Korea elects on national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Assembly (Gukhoe) has 300 members, elected for a four-year term, 253 members in single-seat constituencies and 47 members by proportional representation.
The main two political parties in South Korea are the centrist or centre-leftDemocratic Party of Korea (lit. 'Together Democratic Party' or DPK) and the conservativePeople Power Party (PPP), formerly theUnited Future Party (UFP). These are the dominant forces of South Korean politics at present.
| Group | Floor leader | Seats | % of seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ▌Democratic Party | Lee Jae-myung | 176[a] | 58.66% | ||||
| ▌People Power | Yoon Jae-ok | 108[b] | 36.00% | ||||
| ▌Green-Justice | Sim Sang-jung | 6 | 1.8% | ||||
| ▌New Future | Kim Jong-min | 5 | 1.5% | ||||
| ▌New Reform | Yang Hyang-ja | 4 | 1.2% | ||||
| ▌Progressive | Kang Sung-hee | 1 | 0.3% | ||||
| ▌Rebuilding Korea Party | Hwang Un-ha | 1 | 0.3% | ||||
| ▌Liberal Unification Party | Hwangbo Seung-hee | 1 | 0.3% | ||||
| ▌Independents | 9 | 3.0% | |||||
| ▌Vacant | 3 | 0.9% | |||||
| Total | 300 | 100.0% | |||||
Notes:
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South Korea's political history has always been prone to splits from and merges with other parties. One reason is that there is a greater emphasis around the 'politics of the individual' rather than the party; therefore, party loyalty is not strong when disagreements occur. The graph below illustrates the extent of the political volatility within the last 10 years alone. These splits were intensified after the2016 South Korean political scandal.
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On June 3, 2025,Lee Jae-myung won theelection with 49.42% of the votes over theruling party'sKim Moon-soo.[23][24] He will be sworn into office only hours after the election.[25]
One Special City (Teukbyeolsi, Capital City), six Metropolitan Cities (Gwangyeoksi, singular and plural), nine Provinces (Do, singular and plural) and one Special Autonomous City (Sejong City).
South Korea is a member of the
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