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Politics of Macau is a framework of a politically constrained multi-party presidential system, dominated by thePeople's Republic of China. It includes thelegislature, thejudiciary, thegovernment, and amulti-party system.Executive power is exercised by the government, led by the Chief Executive.
In accordance with Article 31 of theConstitution of the People's Republic of China, Macau hasSpecial Administrative Region status, which provides constitutional guarantees for implementing the policy of "one country, two systems" and the constitutional basis for enacting theBasic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region. Although geographically part ofGuangdong Province, the Macau Special Administrative Region is directly under the authority of the central government of the People's Republic of China in Beijing, which controls the foreign affairs and defence of Macau but otherwise grants the region "a high degree of authority." The Basic Law took force upon handover of sovereignty fromPortugal on 20 December 1999, and is to remain in effect for fifty years (that is, until 2049).
Macau's seven deputies to theNational People's Congress (NPC) are selected by an electoral conference; they attended their first session of the NPC in Beijing in March 2000. Previously, in December 1999, the NPC Standing Committee approved the membership of the NPC Committee for the Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region, chaired by NPC Vice ChairmanQiao Xiaoyang, for a five-year term. Half of the ten members are from Macau, the others from mainland China. Macau also has representation on the National Committee of theChinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
Relations between the government of Macau and China's central government are typically congenial.[1]: 182
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (paramount leader) | Xi Jinping | Chinese Communist Party | 15 November 2012 |
| President of the PRC (head of state) | Xi Jinping | Chinese Communist Party | 14 March 2013 |
| Premier of the State Council (head of central government) | Li Qiang | Chinese Communist Party | 11 March 2023 |
| Chief Executive of the Macau SAR (head of region AND head of regional government) | Sam Hou Fai | Non-partisan | 20 December 2019 |
TheChief Executive of Macau is appointed by the People's Republic of China's central government after selection by an election committee, whose members are nominated by corporate bodies. The chief executive appears before a cabinet, the Executive Council, of between 7 and 11 members. The term of office of the chief executive is 5 years, and no individual may serve for more than two consecutive terms. The governor has strong policymaking and executive powers similar to those of a president. These powers are, however, limited from above by the central government in Beijing, to whom the governor reports directly, and from below (to a more limited extent) by the legislature.
In May 1999,Edmund Ho, a community leader and banker, was the first PRC-appointed chief executive of the Macau SAR, having replacedGeneral de Rocha Viera on 20 December 1999. He was elected by the 200-member Chief Executive Selection Committee. Ho, born in Macau in 1955, was the first Chinese person to govern the region since the 1550s. Prior to 20 December 1999, Ho nominated major officials in the new government and carried out other transfer tasks. Ho was re-elected for a second term in 2004 and was succeeded byFernando Chui in 2009.
The executive branch of the Macau government has the following cabinet departments, each headed by a secretary: Administration and Justice, Economic and Financial Affairs, Security, Social Affairs and Culture, and Transport and Public Works. There also are two commissions, Against Corruption and Audit, and a chief public prosecutor. Upon Macau's reversion to China, the executive offices were moved from Macau Government House temporarily to the Banco Tai Fung.
The executive council decides on matters of policy, the introduction of bills to theLegislative Assembly of Macau and the drafting of subordinate legislation. The council consists of 11 members including the chief executive.
The cabinet consists of 5 secretariats of departments led by a chief:
The legislative organ of the territory is theLegislative Assembly, a 33-member body comprising fourteen directly elected members, twelve indirectly elected members representingfunctional constituencies and seven members appointed by the chief executive. The Legislative Assembly is responsible for general lawmaking, including taxation, the passing of the budget and socioeconomic legislation. Terms are for four years, with annual sessions running from 15 October to 16 August. There are several standing committees in the assembly that perform the following functions: examination and issuance of reports and statements on projects and proposals of law, on resolutions and deliberations, and on proposals of alteration presented to the Legislative Assembly; examination of petitions submitted to the Legislative Assembly; voting on issues as approved in general by the Legislative Assembly General Meeting; and answering questions raised by the president or the General Meeting.
The last election was held in 2017 and the current Legislative Assembly is chaired by its president, businessmanHo Iat Seng (賀一誠), who is assisted by the vice president,Chui Sai Cheong (崔世昌), the elder brother of Chief ExecutiveFernando Chui Sai On.
TheCourt of Final Appeal is the court of last resort in the Macau Special Administrative Region.
The legal system is based largely onPortuguese law. The territory has its own independent judicial system, with a high court. Judges are selected by a committee and appointed by the chief executive. Foreign judges may serve on the courts. In July 1999 the chief executive appointed a seven-person committee to select judges for the SAR. Twenty-four judges were recommended by the committee and were then appointed by Mr. Ho. Included are three judges who serve on the Macau SAR's highest court, the Court of Final Appeal (CFA): 39-year-oldSam Hou Fai (who will be chief justice), 32-year-oldChu Kin, and the 46-year-old ViriatoManuel Pinhiero de Lima.
Public political demonstration is rare in Macau.[1]: 182
The central government in Beijing controls the foreign affairs of Macau. TheOffice of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region opened its office in Macau on 20 December 1999. As a central government agency, the commission interacts with the Macau government in matters of foreign policy. It also processes applications from foreign nations and international organisations wishing to establish consulates or representative offices in Macau. Macau is also authorised to handle some external affairs on its own. These affairs include economic and cultural relations and agreements it concludes with states, regions, and international organisations. In such matters, Macau functions under the name "Macao, China." Macau displays the flag and national emblem of the People's Republic of China but is also authorised to display its own regional flag and emblem. Taiwanese organisations in Macau are allowed to continue operations and are required to abide by the Basic Law.
CCC,ESCAP (associate),International Maritime Organization (associate),Interpol (subbureau),UNESCO (associate),WMO,WToO (associate),WTrO
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