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Guam is atwo-partypresidentialrepresentative democracy, in which theGovernor is thehead of government. Guam is anorganized, unincorporated territory of theUnited States, with policy relations between Guam and the US under the jurisdiction of theOffice of Insular Affairs. Guam is also listed on theUnited Nations list of non-self-governing territories.
Theeconomic situation in Guam is currently dependent on the significant U.S. military presence there. Its status as a tourist destination for Japanese, Singaporeans and South Koreans also contributes to Guam's economy. It has also emerged as a destination foreconomic migrants from the Philippines working at lower-wage jobs in thehospitality industry.
Maintenance of the status quo vis-à-vis the current political relationship between the territory and the United States is controversial. There is a significant movement in favor of the Territory becoming acommonwealth, which would give it a political status similar toPuerto Rico and theNorthern Mariana Islands.
Competing movements exist, which advocatepolitical independence from the United States, statehood, or a combination with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory (not necessarily commonwealth).Therese M. Terlaje, Speaker of theLegislature of Guam, indicated support in 2018 for holding a plebiscite to allow Guamians to vote for their favored political status.[1]
These proposals, however, are not seen as favorable by the U.S. federal government, which argues Guam does not have the financial stability or self-sufficiency to warrant such status. They cite Guam's increasing reliance on Federal spending as evidence, and question how commonwealth status or statehood would benefit the United States as a whole.[2]
A portion of the people on Guam favors a modified version of the current Territorial status, involving greater autonomy from the federal government (similar to the autonomy of individual States). Perceived indifference by the U.S. Congress regarding a change-of-status petition submitted by Guam has led many to feel that the territory is being deprived of the benefits of a more equitable union with the United States.[citation needed]
In January 1982, a referendum on Guam's status was held, with a 49.49% plurality of voters favoringcommonwealth status, with 25.65% favoringstatehood, the second most popular option. 10.19% said they supported the status quo, while 5.40% supported U.S.incorporated territory status. 3.9% of voters favored afree association agreement with the U.S., while independence was the least popular option, garnering 3.82% support.
A second referendum with the two most popular options in the original vote (commonwealth status andstatehood) was held in September 1982. By a 72.82% to 27.18% margin, Guamanians voted in favor of commonwealth status over statehood. However, Guam has not received commonwealth status, and remains anunincorporated territory.
In 2000, the Guam Legislature authorized the creation of a non-binding vote to allownative inhabitants of Guam to cast their votes in favor of statehood, a free association agreement, or outright independence from the United States. In 2017, Chief JudgeFrances Tydingco-Gatewood declared the proposal unconstitutional under the15th Amendment.[3]
Terlaje sees achieving self-determination an urgent mandate, calling educating the public for a plebiscite "our biggest challenge, our most immediate challenge and one that we can actually accomplish. It's a goal that we can meet in two years, I think," expressing confidence that newly elected officials will fulfill promises to make a plebiscite a priority.
