During thepresidential election of the United States in 2004,Google bombs were used to further various political agendas. Two of the first were the "miserable failure" Google bomb linked toGeorge W. Bush's White House biography and the "waffles" Google bomb linked toJohn Kerry's website.
Supporters and detractors of the candidates were able to manipulatesearch engine rankings so that searches for "miserable failure" and "waffles" returned links to the targets' sites.[1] In 2006,Google altered its searching algorithm to make massivelink farms less effective, making search results less politically slanted.[2]
In January 2009, PresidentBarack Obama's official White House web site also appeared on the first few results for "miserable failure" on Live Search and Yahoo, and on the first page of results for the word "failure" on Google. The cause of this is disputed, with some claiming it to be the result of a similar campaign.[3] Others believe it to be a result ofURL redirection from the old White House site (under Bush) to the site for Obama. Because theHTTP 301 redirect indicates that the old page is permanently replaced by the new one, it also inherits all links to it and therefore the ranking for the same keywords.[4]
U.S. PresidentGeorge W. Bush was the subject of a variety ofGoogle bombs. "Miserable failure" was the first. In October 2003, an effort was launched to create links of "miserable failure" to the official White House biography of President Bush. In about six weeks, the link to George W. Bush's biography became the first result for "miserable failure" on aGoogle search.
A blogger from Washington has since taken credit for starting this tactic, though the phrase had been in heavy use following its adoption as a catchphrase by theDick Gephardt campaign.[5] For a time, Bush's official biography had also become the top result for both "miserable" and "failure".[6]
SenatorJohn Kerry was also the target of Google bombs. The first of these is the "waffles" Google bomb. In April 2004, Ken Jacobson, then alaw schoolstudent atDuquesne University inPittsburgh launched the "waffles" Google bombing of Kerry, in part to retaliate for Democrats' Google bombing of George W. Bush.[1] He encouraged linking of "waffles" to John Kerry's official site.
The term "waffling" is used to describe the back and forth motion of the wings of water fowl prior to landing and is often used to describe a person who cannot decide on a particular course of action. Throughout the campaign, Kerry detractors accused him of changing his position on various issues.
In May 2003,Dan Savage, a sex columnist and LGBT rights activist, asked his readers to create a definition for the word "santorum" in response to then United States SenatorRick Santorum's views on homosexuality, and comments about same sex marriage.
By creatinglinks to the official presidential biography page with text reading "miserable failure", a relatively small number (possibly as few as 32) of website owners andbloggers were able to make the site appear as the first result when searching for "miserable failure".[7][8] Political blogger George Johnston, ofOld Fashioned Patriot, claimed to be the coordinator of this particular Google bomb, which began a month after theDick Gephardt campaign began using the catchphrase "miserable failure" to attack the administration.[9]
In October 2003, he began to encourage his visitors to participate in the "bombing". Democratic partisan e-mailing lists and blogging groups began passing the word to do similar things in the same time period. The bomb has proliferated beyond the Google web search: "miserable failure" returns images of Bush onGoogle Images and Local and Maps return the "US Executive Mansion" and the White House as the first two results for "miserable failure" inWashington, D.C.[10]
Google originally took the position that it would not alter the result (or any other Google bombed results) because it wished to preserve the integrity of its search engine.[11] On September 28, 2005,a Google blog written byMarissa Mayer (Google Director of Consumer Web Products) began to appear alongside the search results; the blog explains the situation and the company's reason for not manually editing the search results.
We don't condone the practice of googlebombing, or any other action that seeks to affect the integrity of our search results, but we're also reluctant to alter our results by hand in order to prevent such items from showing up. Pranks like this may be distracting to some, but they don't affect the overall quality of our search service, whose objectivity, as always, remains the core of our mission."[12]
In January 2007, Google changed their indexing structure so that Google bombs such as "miserable failure" would "typically return commentary, discussions, and articles" about the tactic itself. Google announced the changes on its official blog. In response to criticism for allowing the Google bombs,Matt Cutts, the head of the Google's web spam team, said that Google bombs had "not been a very high priority for us."[13][14]
Over time, we've seen more people assume that they are Google's opinion, or that Google has hand coded the results for these Google bombed queries. That's not true, and it seemed like it was worth trying to correct that misperception.[2]