| Polish–Veletian War | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
_(cropped).jpg) Graphic byFranciszek Smuglewicz presentingWichmann the Younger surrendering toMieszko I after the finalbattle in 967. | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Duchy of Poland Duchy of Bohemia (967) | Confederacy of the Veleti
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Mieszko I | Wichmann the Younger † | ||||||
Polish–Veletian War[a] was a military conflict fought between 963 and 967, by theDuchy of Poland led byMieszko I, with later aid of theDuchy of Bohemia against theConfederacy of the Veleti led byWichmann the Younger, with later aid ofWolinians. The war consisted of 3 Veletian campaigns against Poland, the first two of which were won by Veleti, and the last one by Poland, ending the war and establishing Polishhegemony in theFarther Pomerania.[1]
The tribalConfederacy of the Veleti was at war with theDuchy of Poland since 963, organizing raids on its border regions. In 964, the tribe had allied withWichmann the Younger, the exiled member of theSaxonianBillung dynasty.[2] Under the command of Wichmann, they had organized 2 campaigns on Poland in 964, and 965.[3] Both campaigns were victorious for Vieleti, who additionally got paid a tribute by Poland. During one of the campaigns, had died unknown by name brother ofMieszko I, duke of Poland.[1] During their campaigns, they were supported by theDuchy of Bohemia.[4]
In 966, in the event known atChristianization of Poland, Mieszko I hadbaptized himself, converting himself, and institutionally, his state, intoChristianity. He made that in order to end Veleti–Bohemian alliance, and instead ally himself withDuchy of Bohemia.[1]
In 967, thecorps of Veletian, and, allied with them,Wolinian forces, had again attacked Poland, going from the north, from the island ofWolin, and heading to the south, alongside theOder river. The forces of Veleti and Wolinains had consisted together of around 5 to 6 thousand soldiers.[1] Self-proclaimed leader of Vieleti, Wichmann the Younger, had commanded a division of cavalry.[5] Mieszko I had around 4 000 Polish troops and 2 divisions of Bohemiancavalry, that could count between 100 and 300 troops.[6]
With the help ofPrissani tribe that lived within Polish borders, Mieszko I had traveled with his forces to the area nearSzczecin andWolin. Using scatteredreconnaissance units, he had lured enemy forces nearSantok, waiting for a convenient moment to attack.[5][1] On 20 September, both sides set up the camps. The decisiveBattle between Mieszko I and Wichmann of the war was fought on 21 or 22 September. The exact location of the battle remains unknown, though, some historians assume that it happened near Santok.[7] In the morning, Veleti had noticed Polish forces, set in the defensive formation. However, they were not aware of Polisharmoured companions and Bohemian cavalry, hidden on both sides of the field between both armies, setting a trap. Believing, that they had outnumbered Polish forces, Veleti and Wolinians had left their fortified camp and formed offensive formations, made out of a few rows of troops, after what, they had charged frontally onto Polish forces. During the first phase of the battle, Polish forces had backed up under the attack of enemy forces. It could be an intentional move ordered by Mieszko I, to lure Veletians deeper into his trap. As the battle progressed, Polish forces continued moving back, in order to lure enemy forces further into the trap. Eventually, the cavalry hidden on the sides had attacked Veleti, surrounding them, and cutting their way to their camp. At the same time, the same time, Polish troops had stopped retreating, and begun the frontal attack. Surrounded, Veletian troops had started losing, receiving devastatingly high casualties. The battle ended with a decisive Polish victory.[1][5][8]
Wichmann, together with a small group of soldiers, had managed to escape the battlefield, and was found and captured by Polish forces, in the morning of the next day. There are two versions of what happened to him next.[1][5][8] According to one version, he got surrounded by Polish troops, following which he had surrendered himself to them, however, despite a previous agreement with Polish knights, he got killed by Polish soldiers in the fight. According to the second version, he had died from the injuries he had acquired in the battle.[5] After his death, Mieszko, had given Wichmann's sword and armor toOtto I, theHoly Roman Emperor and the cousin of Wichmann.[1][5][8] With the end of the battle, the war had ended. Poland had established thehegemony in theFarther Pomerania, gaining control over the region, including the island ofWolin.[1][9]
