| Poland syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Poland's syndrome, Poland's syndactyly, Poland sequence, Poland's anomaly, unilateral defect of pectoralis major and syndactyly of the hand[1] |
 | |
| Missing right breast and rightpectoralis major muscle in Poland syndrome[2] | |
| Specialty | Medical genetics |
| Symptoms | Underdevelopedchest muscle andshort webbed fingers on one side[3][1] |
| Usual onset | At birth[1] |
| Causes | Unknown[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms[4] |
| Differential diagnosis | Moebius syndrome,Hanhart syndrome[4] |
| Treatment | Surgical correction[3] |
| Frequency | 1 in 20,000 newborns[1] |
Poland syndrome is abirth defect characterized by an underdevelopedchest muscle andshort webbed fingers on one side of the body.[3][1] There may also be short ribs, less fat, and breast and nipple abnormalities on the same side of the body.[1] Typically, the right side is involved.[3] Those affected generally have normal movement and health.[1]
The cause of Poland syndrome is unknown.[1] One theory is that it is due to disruption of blood flow duringembryonic development.[1] It is generally notinherited, and nogenes that contribute to the disorder have been identified.[1] Diagnosis of Poland syndrome is based on its symptoms.[4] Often, those with the syndrome remain undiagnosed, and some may not realize they have it untilpuberty.[3]
Treatment of Poland syndrome depends on its severity and may include surgical correction.[3] The syndrome affects about 1 in 20,000 newborns, and males are affected twice as often as females.[1] It is named after English surgeon SirAlfred Poland, who described the condition when he was a student in 1841.[4][5] In many cases, patients with Poland syndrome also present with pectus excavatum, so they need to be evaluated by a professional and undergo minimally invasive chest remodeling to ensurecardiac decompression.
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A list of the common side effects broken down by frequency.[3]
Very frequent
Frequent
Occasional
It is usually considered a unilateral condition. Some have claimed that the term can be applied in bilateral presentation,[6] but others recommend using alternate terminology in those cases.[1]
The cause of Poland syndrome is unknown. However, an interruption of the embryonic blood supply to the arteries that lie under the collarbone (subclavian arteries) at about the 46th day of embryonic development is the prevailing theory.[7]
The subclavian arteries normally supply blood to embryonic tissues that give rise to the chest wall and hand. Variations in the site and extent of the disruption may explain the range of signs and symptoms that occur in Poland syndrome. Abnormality of an embryonic structure called theapical ectodermal ridge, which helps direct early limb development, may also be involved in this disorder.[8]
Poland syndrome is usually diagnosed at birth, based upon the physical characteristics. Imaging techniques such as aCT scan may reveal the extent to which the muscles are affected.[9] The syndrome varies in severity and as such is often not reported until puberty, when lopsided growth becomes apparent.[10]
The complete or partial absence of the pectoralis muscle is the malformation that defines Poland syndrome. It can be treated by inserting a custom implant designed byCAD (computer aided design).[11] A 3D reconstruction of the patient's chest is done using an implant shaped from a medical scan and designed to be perfectly adapted to the anatomy.[12] The implant is made ofmedical gradesilicone rubber. The treatment is purely cosmetic and does not restore the patient's imbalanced upper body strength.[citation needed]
The Poland syndrome malformations are morphological, so correction by custom implant is the first-line treatment.[13] This technique allows a wide variety of patients to be treated with good outcomes. Poland Syndrome can be associated with bones, subcutaneous and mammary atrophy: the first, as forpectus excavatum, is successfully corrected by a custom implant, while the others can require surgical intervention such as lipofilling[clarification needed] or siliconebreast implant, in a second operation.[citation needed]
The surgery takes place under general anaesthesia and lasts less than 1 hour. The surgeon prepares the locus to the size of the implant after performing an 8-centimetre (3.1 in) axillary incision, then inserts the implant beneath the skin. The closure is made in two planes.[citation needed]
The implant replaces thepectoralis major muscle, thus enabling the thorax to be symmetrical and, in women, the breast as well. If necessary, especially in the case of women, a second operation will complement the result by the implantation of a breast implant and / or lipofilling.[citation needed]
Lipomodelling is progressively used in the correction of breast and chest wall deformities. In Poland syndrome, this technique appears to be a major advance that will probably revolutionize the treatment of severe cases. This is mainly due to its ability to achieve previously unachievable quality of reconstruction with minimal scarring.[14]
Poland syndrome affects males three times as often as females and affects the right side of the body twice as often as the left.[15] The sex differential is a piece of evidence that there might be a genetic component to the syndrome, which could berecessive sex-linked.[16][17] On the other hand, a study from 2016 showed thatREV3L, a gene onChromosome 6, is implicated, and that other "rareCNVs were identified in PS patients, and these involve genes that represent candidates for further evaluation."[18]REV3L in turn interacts withMAD2L2 onChromosome 1;[19][20] thus the inheritance pattern is likely to be more complicated than a simple recessive pattern as shown on a basicpedigree chart.[21]
The incidence is estimated to range from one in 7,000 to one in 100,000 live births.[22]
It was named in 1962 byPatrick Clarkson, aNew Zealand-born British plastic surgeon working atGuy's Hospital andQueen Mary's Hospital, London. He noticed that three of his patients had both a hand deformity and an underdeveloped breast on the same side. He discussed this with his colleague at Guy's Hospital, Dr Philip Evans, who agreed that the syndrome was "not widely appreciated". Clarkson found a reference to a similar deformity published byAlfred Poland, an English surgeon, over a hundred years earlier in Guy's Hospital reports, in 1841.[23] Clarkson was able to find the hand specimen dissected by Poland, which was still held in the hospital pathology museum.[citation needed]
Poland had dissected a convict known as George Elt, who was said to be unable to draw his hand across his chest. Poland noted the chest wall deformity, and this was illustrated in his article; the hand was also dissected and preserved for posterity in Guy's Hospital museum where it remains today. It cannot be truly said that Poland described this syndrome because he only described one isolated case. Clarkson published his series of three cases and named the syndrome after Poland in his article.[24]
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Media related toPoland syndrome at Wikimedia Commons