AfterWorld War II, Podgorica was first designated as the capital of Montenegro in 1946. At that time, it was renamed Titograd in honor ofJosip Broz Tito, the leader ofYugoslavia. It served as the capital of theSocialist Republic of Montenegro within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until Montenegro's declaration of independence in 2006, after which it was reaffirmed as the capital of an independent Montenegro. The city's original name, Podgorica, had been restored in 1992 following the dissolution of Yugoslavia.
The economy of Podgorica is based on a mix of industries, including manufacturing, trade, and services. The city has seen a rise in the IT sector, with numerous startups and tech companies emerging. Podgorica serves as a central hub for Montenegro's transportation network, with an extensive road and rail system and the nearbyPodgorica Airport. Tourism is also a growing sector, with the city being a gateway to Montenegro's natural and cultural attractions.
Podgorica is home to theUniversity of Montenegro, the largest and most significant educational institution in the country. The city's cultural institutions include the Montenegrin National Theatre, the Natural History Museum of Montenegro, and several galleries and libraries. About one-third of the city's area is composed of parks, gardens, and natural landscapes, including the nearby Gorica Hill.
Prominent landmarks in Podgorica include the Millennium Bridge, the Clock Tower, and the Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ. The city also features historical sites such as the ancient Roman settlement of Doclea and the old Ottoman town of Stara Varoš.
Podgorica is written inCyrillic asПодгорица,pronounced[pǒdɡoritsa];UK:/ˈpɒdɡɒrɪtsə,pɒdˈɡɔːr-/,[3]US:/ˈpɒdɡəriːtsə,ˈpɔːdɡɒr-/;[4][5][6]Podgorica literally means 'under the hill'.Gorica (Горица), a diminutive of the wordgora (гора) which is another word for 'mountain' or 'hill', means 'little/small hill', is the name of one of thecypress-coveredhillocks that overlooks the city center. Some three kilometres (1.9 miles) north-west of Podgorica lie the ruins of the Roman-era town ofDoclea, from which theRoman EmperorDiocletian's mother hailed. In later centuries, Romans corrected the name toDioclea, guessing that ani had been lost in vulgar speech.Duklja is the laterSouth Slavic version of the same word. At its foundation in 426 AD,[7] the town was calledBirziminium [sr]. In theMiddle Ages, it was known asRibnica (Рибница,[rîbnitsa]). The name Podgorica was used from 1326. From 1946 to 1992, the city wasnamedTitograd (Титоград,[tîtoɡraːd]) in honour ofJosip Broz Tito, thePresident ofSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1953 to 1980. In 1992 the city changed its name to "Podgorica", which it remains today.
Doclea, Roman town, the seat of the Late Roman province ofPraevalitanaArcheological remains of the Roman period in Doclea
Podgorica is at thecrossroads of several historically important routes, near the riversZeta,Morača,Cijevna,Ribnica,Sitnica andMareza in the valley ofLake Skadar and near the Adriatic Sea, in fertile lowlands with favourable climate. The earliest human settlements were in prehistory: the oldest physical remains are from the lateStone Age.[8]
In theIron Age, the area between theZeta andBjelopavlići valleys was populated by two Illyrian tribes, theLabeates and theDocleatae. The population of the town of Doclea was 8,000–10,000, in which all core urban issues were resolved.[9][10] The high population density (in an area of about 10 km (6 mi) radius) was made possible by the geographical position, favorable climate, and economic conditions and by the defensive positions that were of great importance at that time.[10]
The name Podgorica was first mentioned in 1326 in a court document of theKotor archives.[11] The city was economically strong: trade routes between theRepublic of Ragusa and Serbia, well developed at that time, were maintained via the road that led to Podgorica throughTrebinje andNikšić. As a busy crossroads, Podgorica was a vibrant regional center of trade and communication. This boosted its development, economic power, military strength, and strategic importance.[10]
In 1448,Stefan Crnojević allied himself with theRepublic of Venice, and after defeating the despotĐurađ Branković in 1452, he handed over Podgorica to the Venetian Republic, which already held theShkodër region. However, Venetian rule of Podgorica did not last long, becauseMehmed II soon conquered the fortified town ofMedun in 1455, and two years later, most ofZeta.[10][11]
View ofRibnica fortress and Old bridge, Catholic Church (right), Debbaglar Bridge, government mansion and the Mirko Varosh Hotel (far left), before 1901
TheOttoman Empire captured Podgorica in 1474. Podgorica became akaza of theSanjak of Scutari (which was historically led by Albanian Pashas). In 1479, The Ottomans built alarge fortress in Podgorica, and the existing settlement, with its highly developed merchant connections, became the main Ottoman defensive and attacking bastion in the region. At the beginning of 1474 the Ottoman sultan intended to rebuild Podgorica andBaleč and settle them with 5,000 Muslim families (most of them of Albanian or Slavic origin),[12] in order to stop cooperation between thePrincipality of Zeta andAlbania Veneta.[13]
Podgorica fell again, but this time to the Ottomans in 1484, and the character of the town changed extensively. The Ottomans fortified the city, building towers, gates, and defensive ramparts that give Podgorica the appearance of an Ottoman military city.[citation needed]
Most of today's Montenegro and Podgorica fell under the rule of the AlbanianBushati Family of Shkodra between 1760 and 1831, which ruled independently from the Imperial authority of the Ottoman Sultan.[citation needed]
In 1864, Podgorica became akaza of theScutari Vilayet called Böğürtlen ("blackberry", also known as Burguriçe).
On 7 October 1874, in a violent reaction over the murder of a local named Juso Mučin Krnić,[14] Ottoman forces killed at least 15 people in Podgorica.[15] The massacre was widely reported outside of Montenegro and ultimately contributed to the buildup to theMontenegrin-Ottoman War.
The end of the Montenegrin-Ottoman War in 1878 resulted in theCongress of Berlin recognizing vast territories, including that of Podgorica, as part of the newly recognizedPrincipality of Montenegro.[citation needed] At that time there were about 1,500 houses in Podgorica, with more than 8,000 people living there – of Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Muslim faiths flourishing together.[citation needed]
After theBerlin Congress in 1878, Podgorica was annexed to the Principality of Montenegro, marking the end of four centuries of Ottoman rule, and the beginning of a new era for Podgorica and Montenegro.[citation needed] The first forms of capital concentration were seen in 1902 when roads were built to all neighboring towns, and tobacco became Podgorica's first significant commercial product. In 1904, asavings bank named Zetska formed the first significant financial institution; this would soon grow intoPodgorička Bank.[citation needed]
World War I marked the end of dynamic development for Podgorica, which by then was the largest city in the newly proclaimedKingdom of Montenegro. On 10 August 1914, nine military personnel and 13 civilians were killed in Podgorica from an aerial bombardment byAustro-Hungarian Aviation Troops.[16] The city was bombed three more times in 1915.[16] Along with the rest of the Kingdom, Podgorica was occupied byAustria-Hungary from 1916 to 1918.
During the interwar period (1918–1941), Podgorica hadpublic bathrooms as most residents did not have their own.[17] However, theImperial hotel built in 1925 had two bathrooms, which was unprecedented at the time.[17] It was one of at least six hotels built in the city during the interwar period.[17]
After theYugoslav coup d'état on 27 March 1941, demonstrations supporting the coup took place in Podgorica.[18] As a result of the coup, Yugoslavia turned against its previous alliance with the Axis powers and was subsequently invaded. Podgorica wasbombed over 80 times throughout the course of the war.[19] The city was first bombed by theLuftwaffe on 6 April 1941. On 5 May 1944, Podgorica was bombed by theUSAAF in an attack against Axis forces, although the bombardment that day killed approximately 400 civilians.[20] The city was liberated on 19 December 1944. According to theMuseum of Genocide Victims, a total of 1,691 people were killed in Podgorica over the course of the war.[21]
On 12 July 1946,Josip Broz Tito made one of his early visits to Podgorica from theRadovče hotel, where he spoke to a crowd.[22] It was the first of fifteen total visits made by Tito to the city after World War II.[22]
"Podgorica is destroyed. We will build her altogether because it's our responsibility, because that's what's required of us by the sacrifices which Podgorica gave! We will do it, that's what I promise you in the name of the Federal government." –Josip Broz Tito on 12 July 1946.[22]
On 25 July 1948, the vice president of the People's Parliament of Montenegro, Andrija Mugoša, along with secretary Gavron Cemović, signed a law changing the name of Podgorica into "Titovgrad".[19] The law was "retroactively" activated such that the name change applied to any records starting from 13 July 1946, when it became the capital ofMontenegro withinthe newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[19] However, in a contradiction, the "Službeni list" or legal code of Yugoslavia recorded the name "Titograd" without the letter "v".[19] Ultimately, "Titograd" was used over "Titovgrad".[19]
In addition to the new name, Titograd saw the establishment of new factories. The Radoje Dakić factory, built-in 1946 for the production of heavy machinery, became one of the largest employers in Titograd. In 1964, Radoje Dakić guaranteed hired workers an apartment in the city.[23] In the late 1960s, the cities of Titograd,Zadar, andMostar competed to be selected as the location of Yugoslavia's expanding aluminum industry.[24] In a highly politicized selection process, Titograd was ultimately chosen and theKombinat was constructed in 1969.[24] In 1974, the publicVeljko Vlahović University was founded in Titograd. On 15 April 1979, the city suffered damage by a6.9 magnitude earthquake.
Titograd was the site of massive protests duringYugoslavia's anti-bureaucratic revolution. On 10 January 1989, over 10,000 people protested in the city.[25][26] By the turn of the decade, Titograd was recognized as the city with the most greenery in Yugoslavia, along withBanja Luka.[27]
AsYugoslavia began to break up, Titograd was renamed to Podgorica after a referendum on 2 April 1992.[28] On 25 May 1992, Podgorica was the site of aSerbian Radical Party rally of approximately 10,000 supporters, during which aMontenegrin Bosniak man named Adem Šabotić attempted to assassinateVojislav Šešelj via hand bomb after his supporters chanted references to killingMuslims.[29] Šešelj, his bodyguards, and a few bystanders were injured after the bomb detonated but no one was killed.[29]
Otherwise, theYugoslav wars largely bypassed Podgorica, but the entire country was greatly affected with severe economic stagnation and hyperinflation lasting throughout the 1990s due tointernational sanctions. In 1999, Podgorica was subject to airstrikes during theNATO bombing of Yugoslavia.[30][31]
On 13 July 2005, the newly constructedMillennium Bridge opened for traffic.[32] Following the results of theindependence referendum in May 2006, Podgorica saw significant development as the capital of an independent state, including the reconstruction and renaming of the former Ivan Milutinović Square toIndependence Square.
On 7 August 2013, the 60-year old HotelCrna Gora was demolished to make way for the newHilton in its place, which opened in 2016.[34] Construction of theCathedral of Christ's Resurrection finished after 20 years on 7 October 2013.
The city administration consists of a mayor, cityassembly, and a number of secretariats and administrative bodies which together act as a city local government. The city assembly has 61 members, elected directly for four-year terms. The mayor used to be directly elected for a five-year term, but since the new law was introduced in Montenegrin municipalities mayors will be elected by the city assembly and will have to maintain its support during the term. In 2018,Tuzi became its own municipality after a vote on the Montenegrin Parliament. In 2022,Zeta became a separate municipality as well.[37]
On local elections held on 25 May 2014, theDemocratic Party of Socialists won 29 seats in the municipal assembly, one short of 30 needed to form a majority.Democratic Front won 17 seats,SNP won 8 seats, while coalition made ofPositive Montenegro andSDP won 5 seats. After lengthy negotiations, SDP dissolved coalition with Pozitivna and made an arrangement on forming a majority with DPS, similar to one they have in national government. While SDP is a longtime partner of DPS at the national level, it has been in opposition to Podgorica municipal assembly in 2010–2014 period. Since October 2014, the position of the mayor is held byDPS official, Slavoljub Stijepović, replacing Podgorica mayor od 14 years,Miomir Mugoša. Since October 2018, the position of the Mayor is held byDPS Vice presidentdr Ivan Vuković, replacing Slavoljub Stijepović. On 13 April 2023,Olivera Injac fromPES was sworn in as mayor, thus becoming the first non-DPS mayor since 1998.
The entire municipality of Podgorica is further divided into 66local communities (мјесне заједнице,mjesne zajednice), bodies in which the citizens participate in decisions on matters of relevance to the local community.
Podgorica is located in central Montenegro. The area is crossed with rivers and the city itself is only 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north ofLake Skadar. TheMorača andRibnica rivers flow through the city, while theZeta,Cijevna,Sitnica andMareza flow nearby.Morača is the largest river in the city, being 70 m or 230 ft wide near downtown, and having carved a 20 m or 66 ft deep canyon for the length of its course through the city.[citation needed] Except for the Morača and Zeta, other rivers have an appearance of small creeks. The richness in bodies of water is a major feature of the city.
In contrast to most of Montenegro, Podgorica lies in a mainly flat area at the northern end of the Zeta plain, at an elevation of 40 m (130 ft). The only exceptions are hills which overlook the city. The most significant is 130.3 m (427 ft) highGorica Hill (pronounced[ˈɡǒrit͜sa]), city's namesake, which rises above the city centre. The other hills includeMalo brdo ("little hill", 205.4 m or 674 ft),Velje brdo ("big hill", 283 m or 928 ft),Ljubović (101 m or 331 ft) andDajbapska gora (172 m or 564 ft).Podgorica city proper has an area of 108 square kilometres (42 sq mi), while actual urbanized area is much smaller.
Under theKöppen climate classification, Podgorica is transitional between ahumid subtropical climate (Cfa) and ahot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa), since the driest summer month gets slightly less than 40 millimeters (1.6 in) of precipitation,[38] with summer highs around 34 °C (93 °F) and winter highs around 11 °C (52 °F). Although the city is only some 35 km (22 mi) north of theAdriatic Sea, an arm of the Mediterranean,Mount Rumija acts as a natural barrier, separating Skadar Lake basin and Podgorica area from the sea, thus limiting temperate maritime influence on the local climate.
The mean annual rainfall is 1,659 mm (65.3 in), making Podgorica by far the wettest capital in Europe,Ljubljana being second with 1,362 mm (53.6 in). The temperature exceeds 25 °C (77 °F) on about 135 days each year.[citation needed] The number of rainy days is about 120, and those with a strong wind around 60.[citation needed] An occasional strong northerly wind influences the climate in the winter, with awind chill effect lowering the perceived temperature by a few degrees.[citation needed]
The all-time maximum snowfall record was beaten on 11 February 2012, when 58 cm (23 in) of snowfall were measured. Before that, the biggest snowfall in Podgorica was in 1954, when 52 cm (20 in) of snowfall was recorded. Maximum temperature was recorded on 24 August 2007, at 44.8 °C (112.6 °F), while all time minimum was −9.7 °C (14.5 °F), on 4 February 1956.
Climate data for Podgorica (1991–2020, extremes 1947–present)
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.
With a population of 179,505,[42] Podgorica is by far the most populous city in Montenegro. Area of former Podgorica Municipality (Podgorica Capital City,Tuzi andZeta Municipalities) has a population of 208,555, while Podgorica urban area population is 173,024.
According to 2023 census, Podgorica has 64,140 households and 88,431 dwellings. At the end of 2023, there were 90,799 vehicles registered in Podgorica, including 78,047 passenger vehicles and 1,564 motorcycles.[citation needed]
Out of the total population of Podgorica 47.81% are male and 52.19% are female. The average age of the population is 37.65. There are 11,626 foreign nationals in Podgorica, making up 6,5% of city population.[citation needed]
In October 2024, 112,482 residents of Podgorica were officially employed,earning 981€ on average.[citation needed]
Podgorica is not only the administrative center of Montenegro but also its main economic engine. Most of Montenegro's industrial, financial, and commercial base is in Podgorica.[citation needed]
Before World War I, most of Podgorica's economy was in trade and small-scale manufacturing, which was an economic model established during the long rule of theOttoman Empire.[citation needed] After World War II, Podgorica became Montenegro's capital and a focus of the rapid urbanization and industrialization of the SFRY era. Industries such as aluminium and tobacco processing,textiles, engineering, vehicle production, and wine production were established in and around the city. In 1981, Podgorica's GDP per capita was 87% of the Yugoslav average.[45]
In the early 1990s, thedissolution of Yugoslavia,Yugoslav wars, and theUN-imposed sanctions left Podgorica's industries without traditional markets, suppliers, and available funds. This, combined with typicaltransition pressures, led to a decline of the industrial base, where many industries collapsed leaving thousands of citizens unemployed.[citation needed] However, some of the industries, includingPlantaže, managed to survive the turmoil of the 1990s, and are still major contributors to Montenegrin export and industrial output to this day.
As Montenegro began its push for independence from Serbia in the late 1990s, Podgorica greatly benefited from the increased concentration of government and service sectors.[citation needed] In addition to almost the entire country's government, Podgorica is home to theMontenegro Stock Exchange and other major Montenegrin financial institutions, along with telecommunications carriers, media outlets,Montenegrin flag carrier airline, and other significant institutions and companies.
The large presence of government and service sectors spared the economy of Podgorica from prolonged stagnation in thelate 2000s recession, which hit Montenegro hard. Although in mid-2014, some 30% of Montenegro's citizens lived in Podgorica, the municipality accounted for 44% of the country's employed. Out of the entire mass of paid net salaries in Montenegro in that year, some 47% was paid in Podgorica. The average monthly net salary in December 2021 was €537 in Podgorica municipality.[46]
Further cultural and historic monuments in and around Podgorica are Sahat kula (Clock tower) Adži-paše Osmanagića, the ruins of the Ribnica fortress, remnants of the city of Doclea, Stara Varoš, and Vezirov most (Vizier's bridge). Podgorica has excellent transit connections with other centres.
At nine kilometres from the city is the International Airport, with railway and bus stations close to one another.[47]
Podgorica is the media hub of Montenegro. It is home to the headquarters of the state-ownedpublic television broadcasterRTCG. It has also its local TV and radio station Gradska. Commercial broadcasters in Podgorica includeTV Vijesti,Prva TV,Nova M andAdria TV.All Montenegro's daily newspapers (oldest Montenegrin daily newspaperPobjeda,Vijesti,Dnevne Novine andDan) are published in Podgorica.
Public transport in Podgorica consists of 11 urban and 16 suburban bus lines.[48] The city-ownedAD Gradski saobraćaj public transport company used to be the sole bus operator until the 1990s, when private carriers were introduced. The company went bankrupt in 2001, and buses were since operated solely by private carriers. As of 2023 Public transport in Podgorica is done only by buses, 12 city and 16 suburban lines.[citation needed]
Public transport faces competition from very popular dispatched taxi services due to recent de-regulation in the sector.[citation needed]
Podgorica's location in central Montenegro makes it a natural hub for rail and road transport. Roads in Montenegro (especially those connecting Podgorica to northern Montenegro andSerbia) are usually inferior to modern European roads. Both major Montenegrin motorway projects,Bar-Boljare motorway andNudo–Božaj motorway, will pass near Podgorica. The first phase of motorway A-1 (Bar-Boljare) was opened on July 13, 2022. TheSozina tunnel (4.2 km) shortened the journey from Podgorica toBar (Montenegro's main seaport) to under 30 minutes. A new road bypass had been constructed in 2011, to remove transport routes from north to south of the country, out of the city center. A south-western bypass had also been constructed with the same goal of moving heavy transport out of the city core. Podgorica is also characteristic of its extensive network of multi-lane boulevards which make inner-city transport quick and effective. Traffic over theMorača River also goes fluently since river banks are very well connected with 6 vehicular and 3 pedestrian bridges.
The main transit connections of Podgorica are:
north (E65,E80), towardsBelgrade and on to Central Europe
Podgorica is a hub of the X-shapedMontenegrin rail network. TheBelgrade–Bar line converges with theline to Nikšić andline to Shkodër at thePodgorica Rail Station. The station itself is located 1.5 km (0.93 mi) to the southeast of the main city square. Podgorica's main railway link (for both passenger and freight traffic) is Belgrade–Bar. The link toNikšić was recently under reconstruction (electrification);[49] afterwards, passenger service started in October 2012. The rail link toShkodër is used as freight-only.
Podgorica Airport is located inZeta Plain, 11 km (6.8 mi) south of Podgorica City centre, and is Montenegro's main international airport. The airport is locally known as Golubovci Airport (Аеродром Голубовци / Aerodrom Golubovci), as it is located within the administrative boundaries of the town ofGolubovci. The IATA code of the airport is still TGD because Podgorica was named Titograd, during which time the airport opened. It is the main hub forAir Montenegro andDi Air.
Most of Montenegro's higher education establishments are in Podgorica including theUniversity of Montenegro, the country's most significant university.
University of Montenegro
The university's scientific research institutes are also in the Podgorica: Institute of Foreign Languages, Institute of Biotechnology and the Institute of History
There are a number of private institutions for higher education including theMediterranean University which was founded in 2006 as the first private university in Montenegro and theUniversity of Donja Gorica. The municipality of Podgorica has 34 elementary schools and 10 secondary schools, including onegymnasium. The first secondary school established in Podgorica isGymnasium "Slobodan Škerović" which first opened in 1907. The rebuilt economic high school offers new features and higher quality education. The "Radosav Ljumović National Library" is considered the most comprehensive in Montenegro.
Podgorica is home to many Montenegrin cultural institutions and events. It hosts theMontenegrin National Theatre and a number of museums and galleries. The Montenegrin National Theatre is the most significant theatre not only in Podgorica but in all of Montenegro. Podgorica is also host to the City Theatre (Gradsko pozorište), which includes the Children's Theatre and the Puppet Theatre. Although not as rich in museums and galleries as the historic royal capitalCetinje, there are several noteworthy museums:
The Podgorica City Museum (Muzej grada Podgorice) preserves Podgorica's rich heritage. Founded in 1950, it has four categories: archaeological, ethnographic, historical, and cultural-historical. It houses artifacts that date back to theRoman andIllyrian eras.[50]
The Archaeological Research Centre (Centar za arheološka istraživanja) was founded in 1961. Its mission is to gather, classify, restore and display archaeological sites.
TheMarko Miljanov Museum (Muzej Marka Miljanova) inMedun shows life in 19th century Montenegro.
The Natural History Museum (Prirodnjački muzej) displays specimens of Montenegrin flora and fauna. This museum has no exhibition space of its own, despite many proposals and initiatives to build one.[citation needed]
There is a notable art gallery in theDvoracPetrovića (Petrović Castle) complex in Podgorica's largest public park. The palace hosted the"Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries between 1984 and 1995.King Nicholas's castle,Perjanički Dom (House of the Honour Guard), castle chapel and surrounding buildings were converted to an art gallery in 1984. Since 1995, it has been part of the Modern Arts Centre (Centar savremenih umjetnosti) and houses approximately 1,500 works of art. The historic Cinema of Culture (Kino Kultura), which was founded in 1949, was closed in November 2008 due to continuous financial losses it generated. It was the only cinema in the city for 6 decades. The building of the former cinema will be converted to host the Podgorica City Theatre. Shortly after its closure, aSter-Kinekor (later acquired byCineplexx) 6-screenmultiplex cinema opened at BIG Podgorica shopping mall.
A significant cultural institution of over fifty years' standing is the Budo Tomović Cultural-Informational Centre (KIC Budo Tomović). It is a public institution that organizes various artistic events, including Podgorica Cultural Summer (Podgoričko Kulturno Ljeto), FIAT – International Alternative Theatre Festival (Festival Internacionalnog Alternativnog Teatra), DEUS – December Arts Scene (Decembarska Umjetnička Scena).
The most popular sports by far arefootball andbasketball. Basketball became especially popular with the success in the late 20th and early 21st centuries ofKK Budućnost, both inRegional and European competitions.
Football in Podgorica has a long tradition associated withBudućnost. World-famous playersPredrag Mijatović andDejan Savićević were born in Podgorica and made their debut in that team. The clubFK Zeta from the Podgorica suburb ofGolubovci has also reached the former first league of Serbia and Montenegro. These clubs, along withSutjeska from Nikšić, usually compete with each other for leading position in theFirst League of Montenegro.Other clubs from Podgorica and its surroundings play in the Montenegrin First League e.g.OFK Titograd &Kom. One of the most popular clubs from the suburbs isFK Ribnica fromKonik,FK Zabjelo fromZabjelo andFK Podgorica fromDonja Gorica.
The volleyball teamOK Budućnost and the women's handball teamŽRK Budućnost T-Mobile have had significant success in European competition.Budućnost Podgorica is the most important sports club in Podgorica. Its name meansFuture.
Chess is another popular sport and some famous global chess players, likeSlavko Dedić, are born in Podgorica.
Bemax Arena, indoor and outdoor sports facility. It has a capacity of 2,400 seats.
Almost every football club in Podgorica has its own stadium, although these are often only fields with small stands or no stands at all.Other notable venues are theStadion malih sportova under Gorica hill and thesport shooting range under Ljubović hill. There are many other sports facilities around the city, most notablyindoor football fields.
Podgorica's mixture of architectural styles reflects the turbulent history of the city and country: as one régime replaced another, the corresponding style was introduced.
As part of theOttoman Empire until 1878, Podgorica has some examples of Ottoman architecture.[citation needed] The oldest parts of the city,Stara Varoš (Old town) andDrač is typical of this, with two mosques, a TurkishClock Tower and narrow, winding streets.
When the city was incorporated to Montenegro, the urban core shifted to the other bank of the Ribnica River, where the town developed in a more European style: wider streets with anorthogonal layout. This part of the city is today traditionally regarded as the city center and is calledNova Varoš (New town).
During World War II, Podgorica was almost razed to the ground, beingbombed over 80 times.[20] After liberation, rebuilding began as in other cities of the communist-ruled SFRY. Mass residential blocks were erected, with basic design typical ofEastern bloc countries.[citation needed] All that part of the city on the right bank of theMorača River was built this way.
The main contemporary traffic arteries were laid out during this period, which extended the orthogonal street layout of the city center, to the south and west. Residential and infrastructural developments in the SFRY era have mostly shaped the layout of today's Podgorica and accommodated the unprecedented population growth that followed World War II.[citation needed]
A major advance in Podgorica architecture began in the late 1990s and, since then, the face of the city has changed rapidly. Residential and business construction are proceeding rapidly, incorporating contemporary glass-and-steel architectural trends. In an effort to create a recognizable and modern state capital, city officials are routing significant investments in the city's public spaces. Thus, the city has gained entirely new squares and some monuments. New landmarks include theHristovog Vaskrsenjaorthodox temple and theMillennium Bridge, the main feature of the Podgorica skyline.
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