Plus−minus (+/−, ±, plus/minus) is asports statistic used to measure a player's impact, represented by the difference between their team's total scoring versus their opponent's when the player is in the game.
Inice hockey, the plus–minus measures a player's goal differential. When a team that is ateven-strength orshorthanded scores a goal, all players on the ice on the scoring team will register a plus while all players on the conceding team on the ice will register a minus. When a goal is scored by a team on thepower play, no plus or minus points are awarded to either team.Empty net situations are treated the same aseven-strength unless the team that scores is on thepower play.[1]Penalty shot goals are excluded.
A player's plus−minus statistic is calculated for each game played. The statistic is directly affected by overall team performance, influenced by both the offensive and defensive performance of the team as a whole. However, there is controversy in the effectiveness of the plus−minus statistic's ability to accurately convey a player's individual performance.
The plus/minus statistic was first used in the 1950s by theMontreal Canadiens, aNational Hockey League (NHL) team, for evaluating its own players.[2] Plus-minus was hockey's first enhanced statistic, becoming an official NHL statistic in 1959-60.[3]
There are some drawbacks to the traditional calculation of the plus–minus statistic in ice hockey. Not all types of goals are included, specifically power play goals. Every goal included in the calculation is weighted the same regardless of the situation - even strength, power play, short-handed or empty net. Also, traditional plus–minus is not applied togoaltenders.
Situational plus–minus (Sit +/−) is an alternative calculation that takes into account all types of "team-based" goals, which excludes only penalty shot and shootout goals. Each goal is weighted based on the number of skaters (i.e. not goaltenders) on the ice. The plus–minus rating is calculated by dividing the number of skaters on the ice for the team scored upon by the number of skaters on the ice for the scoring team, applied as a plus to all players (including goaltenders) on the ice for the scoring team and as a minus for all players (including goaltenders) on the ice for the team scored upon.[4]
The NHL introduced thePlus-Minus Award in the 1982-83 season, awarded to the top plus player for that season that played in at least 60 games. The award was named the Emery Edge Award and was won in the inaugural season byCharlie Huddy of theEdmonton Oilers.
The award was last given for the 2007-08 season. At this point the award was named Bud Light Plus/Minus Award and was won byPavel Datsyuk of theDetroit Red Wings.[5]
Although the statistic was pioneered in the sport of hockey, it has found its way into use in other sports and areas of life. In basketball, theNBA'sHouston Rockets first utilized a modified version of the stat, which indicated thatShane Battier, who had a plus–minus score of plus 10, was a much more effective player than had been previously believed.[6]
A plus−minus statistic has been used in sports economics to analyze the degree of competitive balance over time inassociation football.[7]