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Plurality (voting)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Poll most votes, but less than half overall
This article is about a majority of voters. For voting system, seePlurality voting.
Pie charts illustrating the difference between a mere plurality (where the green/bottom area is less than 50% of the total area) and a majority (where the green/bottom area is greater than 50% of the total area of the pie chart).

Aplurality vote (inNorth American English) orrelative majority (inBritish English)[1] describes the circumstance when aparty,candidate, orproposition polls more votes than any other but does not receive amajority or more than half of all votes cast.[2]

For example, if from 100 votes that were cast, 45 were forcandidate A, 30 were forcandidate B and 25 were forcandidate C, thencandidate A received a plurality of votes but not a majority. In some election contests, the winning candidate or proposition may need only a plurality, depending on the rules of the organization holding the vote.[3]

Versus majority

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In international institutional law, asimple majority (also aplurality) is the largest number of votes cast (disregarding abstentions)among alternatives. In many jurisdictions, a simple majority is a stronger requirement than a plurality (yet weaker than anabsolute majority) in that more votes than half cast, excluding abstentions, are required.[4][5]

Anabsolute majority (also amajority) is a number of votes "greater than the number of votes that possibly can be obtained at the same time for any other solution",[a] when voting formultiple alternatives at a time[6][b]

Aqualified majority (also asupermajority) is a number of votes above a specified percentage (e.g. two-thirds); arelative majority (also aplurality) is the number of votes obtained that is greater than any other option.

Henry Watson Fowler suggested that the American termsplurality andmajority offer single-word alternatives for the corresponding two-word terms in British English,relative majority andabsolute majority, and that in British Englishmajority is sometimes understood to mean "receiving the most votes" and can therefore be confused withplurality.[1][c]

In strict electoral sense (especially in American English) the termsplurality andmajority can not overlap and are mutually exclusive. Aplurality refers to receiving the most votes but less than half of the total, whereas amajority refers to receiving the most votes exceeding half of the total.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^For example, 50 voters elect six office holders from a field of 11 candidates, thereby casting 300 votes. The largestabsolute majority in this scenario would be 50 voters casting all their ballots for the same six candidates, which at 300 votes would be substantially higher than thesimple majority of 151 votes—a result that no individual candidate can achieve, since the most votes any one can receive is 50. With the smallest absolute majority in this scenario, the six winners would receive 28 votes each, totaling 168, and therunners-up would receive either 27 or 26 votes each.
  2. ^Anabsolute majority can also mean a "majority of the entire membership", avoting basis that requires that more than half ofall the members of a body (including those absent and those present but not voting) to vote in favour of a proposition in order for it to be passed.
  3. ^"With three-cornered contests as common as they now are, we may have occasion to find a convenient single word for what we used to call anabsolute majority... In America the wordmajority itself has that meaning while a poll greater than that of any other candidate, but less than half the votes cast is called aplurality. It might be useful to borrow this distinction..." —Henry Watson Fowler

References

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  1. ^abFowler, Henry Watson (1965).A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 725.ISBN 0-19-953534-5.
  2. ^"plurality".Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved2015-12-29.a number of votes that is more than the number of votes for any other candidate or party but that is not more than half of the total number of votes
  3. ^Robert, Henry M. III; Honemann, Daniel H.; Balch, Thomas J. (2011).Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11 ed.). Da Capo Press. pp. 404–405.ISBN 978-0-306-82021-2.
  4. ^Dougherty, Keith L.; Edward, Julian (2010)."The Properties of Simple Vs. Absolute Majority Rule: Cases Where Absences and Abstentions Are Important".Journal of Theoretical Politics.22:85–122.doi:10.1177/0951629809347557.
  5. ^"In Parliament, which votes require a simple majority and which votes require an absolute majority? - Parliamentary Education Office".
  6. ^Schermers, Henry G.; Blokker, Niels M. (2011).International Institutional Law: Unity Within Diversity (5 ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.ISBN 978-9004187986.
Types of majority
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