Aplaying card is a piece of specially preparedcard stock, heavy paper, thin cardboard,plastic-coated paper, cotton-paper blend, or thin plastic that is marked with distinguishing motifs. Often the front (face) and back of each card has afinish to make handling easier. They are most commonly used for playingcard games, and are also used inmagic tricks,cardistry,[1][2]card throwing,[3] andcard houses; cards may also be collected.[4] Playing cards are typically palm-sized for convenient handling, and usually are sold together in a set as adeck of cards orpack of cards.
The most common type of playing card in the West is theFrench-suited,standard 52-card deck, of which the most widespread design is theEnglish pattern,[a] followed by theBelgian-Genoese pattern.[5] However, many countries use other, traditional types of playing card, including those that areGerman,Italian,Spanish andSwiss-suited.Tarot cards (also known locally asTarocks ortarocchi) are an old genre of playing card that is still very popular in France, central and Eastern Europe and Italy. Customised tarot card decks are also used fordivination; includingtarot card reading andcartomancy.[6] Asia, too, has regional cards such as the Japanesehanafuda, Chinesemoney-suited cards, or Indianganjifa. The reverse side of the card is often covered with a pattern that will make it difficult for players to look through the translucent material to read other people's cards or to identify cards by minor scratches or marks on their backs.
Playing cards were most likely invented during theTang dynasty around the 9th century, as a result of the usage of woodblock printing technology.[19][20][21][22][23] The reference to a leaf game in a 9th-century text known as theCollection of Miscellanea at Duyang (Chinese:杜阳杂编;pinyin:Dùyáng zábiān), written by Tang dynasty writer Su E, is often cited in connection to the existence of playing cards. However the connection between playing cards and the leaf game is disputed.[24][25][26][27] The reference describes Princess Tongchang, daughter ofEmperor Yizong of Tang, playing the "leaf game" in 868 with members of the Wei clan, the family of theprincess's husband.[21][28][29] The first known book on the "leaf" game was called theYezi Gexi and allegedly written by a Tang woman. It received commentary by writers of subsequent dynasties.[30] TheSong dynasty (960–1279) scholarOuyang Xiu (1007–1072) asserts that the "leaf" game existed at least since the mid-Tang dynasty and associated its invention with thedevelopment of printed sheets as a writing medium.[21][30] However, Ouyang also claims that the "leaves" were pages of a book used in a board game played with dice, and that the rules of the game were lost by 1067.[31]
Other games revolving around alcoholic drinking involved using playing cards of a sort from the Tang dynasty onward. However, these cards did not contain suits or numbers. Instead, they were printed with instructions or forfeits for whoever drew them.[31]
The earliest dated instance of a game involving cards occurred on 17 July 1294 when the Ming Department of Punishments caught two gamblers, Yan Sengzhu and Zheng Zhugou[b], playing with paper cards. Wood blocks for printing the cards were impounded, together with nine of the cards.[31][32]
William Henry Wilkinson suggests that the first cards may have been actual paper currency which doubled as both the tools of gaming and the stakes being played for,[20] similar totrading card games. Using paper money was inconvenient and risky so they were substituted byplay money known as "money cards". One of the earliest games in which we know the rules ismadiao, atrick-taking game, which dates to theMing Dynasty (1368–1644). Fifteenth-century scholarLu Rong described it as being played with 38 "money cards" divided into foursuits: 9 incoins, 9 instrings of coins (which may have been misinterpreted as sticks from crude drawings), 9 inmyriads (of coins or of strings), and 11 in tens of myriads (a myriad is 10,000). The two latter suits hadWater Margin characters instead of pips on them[33] with Chinese to mark their rank and suit. The suit of coins is in reverse order with 9 of coins being the lowest going up to 1 of coins as the high card.[34]
Despite the wide variety of different patterns, the suits show a uniformity of structure. Every suit contains twelve cards with the top two usually being thecourt cards ofking andvizier and the bottom ten beingpip cards. Some decks can contain 8 suits to make a 96-card deck, like the deck forGanjifa. Half the suits use reverse ranking for their pip cards. There are many motifs for the suit pips but some include coins, clubs, jugs, and swords which resemble laterMamluk and Latin suits.Michael Dummett speculated that Mamluk cards may have descended from an earlier deck which consisted of 48 cards divided into four suits each with ten pip cards and two court cards.[35]
By the 11th century, playing cards were spreading throughout the Asian continent and later came into Egypt.[36] The oldest surviving cards in the world are four fragments found in theKeir Collection and one in theBenaki Museum.[c] They are dated to the 12th and 13th centuries (lateFatimid,Ayyubid, and earlyMamluk periods).[38]
A near complete pack of Mamluk playing cards dating to the 15th century, and of similar appearance to the fragments above, was discovered byLeo Aryeh Mayer in theTopkapı Palace,Istanbul, in 1939.[39] It is not a complete set and is actually composed of three different packs, probably to replace missing cards.[40] The Topkapı pack originally contained 52 cards comprising four suits: polo-sticks, coins, swords, and cups. Each suit contained ten pip cards and three court cards, calledmalik (king),nā'ib malik (viceroy or deputy king), andthānī nā'ib (second or under-deputy). Thethānī nā'ib is a non-existent title so it may not have been in the earliest versions; without this rank, the Mamluk suits would structurally be the same as a Ganjifa suit. In fact, the word "Kanjifah" appears in Arabic on the king of swords and is still used in parts of the Middle East to describe modern playing cards. Influence from further east can explain why the Mamluks, most of whom were Central Asian TurkicKipchaks, called their cupstuman, which means"myriad" (10,000) in the Turkic, Mongolian, andJurchen languages.[41] Wilkinson postulated that the cups may have been derived from inverting the Chinese and Jurchen ideogram for "myriad",万, which was pronounced as something likeman inMiddle Chinese.
The Mamluk court cards showed abstract designs or calligraphy not depicting persons possibly due toreligious proscription in Sunni Islam, though they did bear the ranks on the cards.Nā'ib would be borrowed into French (nahipi), Italian (naibi), and Spanish (naipes), the latter word still in common usage. Panels on the pip cards in two suits show they had a reverse ranking, a feature found inmadiao,ganjifa, and old European card games likeombre,tarot, andmaw.[42] A fragment of two uncut sheets ofMoorish-styled cards of a similar was found in Spain and dated to the early 15th century.[43]
Export of these cards (from Cairo, Alexandria, and Damascus), ceased after the fall of the Mamluks in the 16th century.[44] The rules to play these games are lost but they are believed to beplain trick games withouttrumps.[45]
Knave of Coins from the oldest known European deck (c. 1390–1410)Card players in 18th Century Venice, byPietro Longhi
Playing cards probably came to Europe from the East, specifically those used by theMamluks in Egypt, and probably arrived first in Spain since the earliest European mention of playing cards appears in 1371 in aCatalan language rhyme dictionary which listsnaip among words ending in-ip. According toTrevor Denning, the only attested meaning of this Catalan word is "playing card".[46] This suggests that cards may have been "reasonably well known" inCatalonia (now part of Spain) at that time, perhaps introduced as a result of maritime trade with the Mamluk rulers of Egypt.[47]
The earliest record of playing cards in central Europe is believed by some researchers to be a ban on card games in the city ofBern in 1367,[48][49] but this source is disputed as the earliest copy available dates to 1398 and may have been amended.[50][51][52] Generally accepted as the first Italian reference is aFlorentine ban dating to 1377.[48][50][53] Also appearing in 1377 was the treatise byJohn of Rheinfelden, in which he describes playing cards and their moral meaning.[54] From this year onwards more and more records (usually bans) of playing cards occur,[55][51] first appearing in England as early as 1413.[56]
Among the early patterns of playing card were those derived from the Mamluk suits of cups, coins, swords, and polo sticks, which are still used in traditionalLatin decks.[57] Aspolo was an obscure sport to Europeans then, the polo-sticks became batons or cudgels.[58] In addition to Catalonia in 1371, the presence of playing cards is attested in 1377 inSwitzerland, and 1380 in many locations includingFlorence andParis.[59][60][61] Wide use of playing cards in Europe can, with some certainty, be traced from 1377 onward.[62]
In the account books ofJohanna, Duchess of Brabant andWenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg, an entry dated May 14, 1379, by receiver general of Brabant Renier Hollander reads: "Given to Monsieur and Madame four peters and two florins, worth eight and a half sheep, for the purchase of packs of cards".[63] In his book of accounts for 1392 or 1393, Charles or Charbot Poupart, treasurer of the household ofCharles VI of France, records payment for the painting of three sets of cards.[64]
From about 1418 to 1450[65] professional card makers inUlm,Nuremberg, andAugsburg created printed decks. Playing cards even competed with devotional images as the most common uses forwoodcuts in this period. Most early woodcuts of all types were coloured after printing, either by hand or, from about 1450 onwards,stencils. These 15th-century playing cards were probably painted. TheFlemish Hunting Deck, held by theMetropolitan Museum of Art, is the oldest complete set of ordinary playing cards made in Europe from the 15th century.[66]
As cards spread from Italy to Germanic countries, the Latin suits were replaced with the suits of leaves (or shields), hearts (or roses), bells, and acorns. France initially used Latin-suited cards and theAluette pack used today in western France may be a relic of that time, but around 1480, French card manufacturers, perhaps in order to facilitate mass production, went over to very much simplified versions of the German suit symbols. A combination of Latin and Germanic suit pictures and names resulted in the French suits oftrèfles (clovers),carreaux (tiles),cœurs (hearts), andpiques (pikes) around 1480. Thetrèfle (clover) was probably derived from the acorn and thepique (pike) from the leaf of the German suits. The namespique andspade, however, may have derived from the sword (spade) of the Italian suits.[67] In England, the French suits were eventually used, although the earliest packs circulating may have had Latin suits.[68] This may account for why the English called the clovers "clubs" and the pikes "spades".
In the late 14th century, Europeans changed the Mamluk court cards to represent European royalty and attendants. In a description from 1377, the earliest courts were originally a seated "king", an uppermarshal that held his suit symbol up, and a lower marshal that held it down.[69][70] The latter two correspond with theOber andUnter cards still found today inGerman andSwiss playing cards. The Italians and Iberians replaced theOber/Unter system with the "Knight" and"Fante" or "Sota" before 1390, perhaps to make the cards more visually distinguishable.
In England, the lowest court card was called the "knave" which originally meantmale child (compare GermanKnabe), so in this context the character could represent the "prince", son to the king and queen; the meaningservant developed later.[71][72]Queens appeared sporadically in packs as early as 1377, especially in Germany. Although the Germans abandoned the queen before the 1500s, the French permanently picked it up and placed it under the king.
During the mid 16th century, Portuguese traders introduced playing cards to Japan. The first indigenous Japanese deck was theTenshō karuta named after theTenshō period.[75]
Packs with corner and edge indices (i.e. the value of the card printed at the corner(s) or edges of the card) enabled players to hold their cards close together in a fan with one hand (instead of the two hands previously used). An early example of a pack with edge indices and Latin suits was printed by Infirerra and dated 1693.[76] However, this feature was commonly used only from the end of the 18th century. The first American-manufactured (French) deck with this innovation was the Saladee's Patent, printed by Samuel Hart in 1864. In 1870, he and his cousins at Lawrence & Cohen followed up with the Squeezers, the first cards with indices that had a large diffusion.[4]
Girl with Cards byLucius Kutchin, 1933, Smithsonian American Art Museum
This was followed by the innovation of reversible court cards. This invention is attributed to a French card maker ofAgen in 1745.[dubious –discuss] But the French government, which controlled the design of playing cards, prohibited the printing of cards with this innovation. In central Europe (Trappola cards) and Italy (Tarocco Bolognese) the innovation was adopted during the second half of the 18th century. In Great Britain, the pack with reversible court cards was patented in 1799 by Edward Ludlow and Ann Wilcox.[77][78] Not being registered card-makers, they worked with printer Thomas Wheeler to produce a French-suited pack using this patent, which was first sold in 1801.[79]
Sharp corners wear out more quickly, and could possibly reveal the card's value, so they were replaced with rounded corners. Before the mid-19th century, British, American, and French players preferred blank backs. The need to hide wear and tear and to discourage writing on the back led cards to have designs, pictures, photos, or advertising on the reverse.[80]
TheUnited States introduced thejoker into the deck. It was devised for the game ofeuchre, which spread from Europe to America beginning shortly after theAmerican Revolutionary War. In euchre, the highest trump card is the Jack of the trump suit, called theright bower (from the GermanBauer); the second-highest trump, theleft bower, is the jack of the suit of the same color as trumps. The joker was invented c. 1860 as a third trump, theimperial orbest bower, which ranked higher than the other twobowers.[81] The name of the card is believed to derive fromjuker, a variant name for euchre.[82][83] The earliest reference to a joker functioning as awild card dates to 1875 with a variation of poker.[84]
Playing cards were also some of the earliest products to be sold in packaging. Early card packs were sold in paper sleeves held closed with a string. The 19th century saw the apparition of progressively more complex cardboard packaging, with tuck-flap boxes becoming common by the end of the century.Cellophane wrappers were common by 1937.[80]
Company name plate at the original headquarters of Nintendo
The Japanese video game companyNintendo was founded in 1889 to produce and distributekaruta (かるた; fromPortuguesecarta, 'card'), most notablyhanafuda (花札, 'flower cards').[85]Hanafuda cards had become popular after Japan banned most forms of gambling in 1882 but largely lefthanafuda untouched. Sales ofhanafuda cards were popular with theyakuza-run gaming parlors in Kyoto. Other card manufacturers had opted to leave the market not wanting to be associated with criminal ties, but Nintendo founderFusajiro Yamauchi continued, becoming the largest producer ofhanafuda within a few years. With the increase of the cards' popularity, Yamauchi hired assistants tomass-produce to satisfy the demand. Even with a favorable start, the business faced financial struggle due to operating in aniche market, the slow and expensive manufacturing process, high product price, alongside long durability of the cards, which impacted sales due to the low replacement rate.[86] As a solution, Nintendo produced a cheaper and lower-quality line of playing cards,Tengu, while also conducting product offerings in other cities such asOsaka, where card game profits were high. In addition, local merchants were interested in the prospect of a continuous renewal of decks, thus avoiding the suspicions that reusing cards would generate.[87]
Columbia University's Rare Book and Manuscript Library holds theAlbert Field Collection of Playing Cards, an archive of over 6,000 individual decks from over 50 countries and dating back to the 1550s.[14] In 2018 the university digitized over 100 of its decks.[88]
Contemporary playing cards are grouped into three broad categories based on the suits they use: French, Latin, and Germanic. Latin suits are used in the closely related Spanish and Italian formats. The Swiss-German suits are distinct enough to merit their subcategory. Excluding jokers and tarot trumps, the French 52-card deck preserves the number of cards in the original Mamluk deck, while Latin and Germanic decks average fewer. Latin decks usually drop the higher-valued pip cards, while Germanic decks drop the lower-valued ones.
Within suits, there are regional or national variations called "standard patterns."[90] Pattern differences are most easily found in the face cards but the number of cards per deck, the use of numeric indices, or even minor shape and arrangement differences of the pips can be used to distinguish them. Some patterns have been around for hundreds of years. Jokers are not part of any pattern as they are a relatively recent invention and lack any standardized appearance so each publisher usually puts its own trademarked illustration into their decks. The wide variation of jokers has turned them into collectible items. Any card that bore thestamp duty like theace of spades in England, the ace of clubs in France or the ace of coins in Italy are also collectible as that is where the manufacturer's logo is usually placed.
Typically, playing cards have indices printed in the upper-left and lower-right corners. While this design does not restrict which hand players hold their cards, someleft-handed players may prefer to fan their cards in the opposite direction. Some designs exist with indices in all four corners.[91][92]
52 French-suited playing cards with jokers, with honors marked in English
French decks come in a variety of patterns and deck sizes. The52-card deck is the most popular deck and includes 13 ranks of each suit with reversible "court" or face cards. Each suit includes anace, depicting a single symbol of its suit, a king, queen, and jack, each depicted with a symbol of their suit; and ranks two through ten, with each card depicting that number of pips of its suit. As well as these 52 cards, commercial packs often include between one and six jokers, most often two.
Decks with fewer than 52 cards are known asstripped decks. Thepiquet pack has all values from 2 through 6 in each suit removed for a total of 32 cards. It is popular in France, theLow Countries, Central Europe and is used to playpiquet,belote,bezique andskat. Values in Russian 36-card stripped deck (used to playdurak and many other traditional games) range from 6 to 10. It is also used in the Sri Lankan,whist-based game known asomi. Forty-card French suited packs are common in northwest Italy; these remove the 8s through 10s like Latin-suited decks. 24-card decks, removing 2s through 8s are also sold in Austria and Bavaria to playSchnapsen.
Apinochle deck consists of two copies of a 24-cardschnapsen deck, thus 48 cards.
The 78-cardTarot Nouveau adds the knight card between queens and jacks along with 21 numbered trumps and the unnumberedFool.
Today the process of making playing cards is highly automated. Large sheets ofpaper are glued together to create a sheet ofpasteboard; the glue may be black or dyed another dark color to increase the card stock'sopacity. In the industry, this black compound is sometimes known as "gick".[citation needed] Some card manufacturers may purchase pasteboard from various suppliers; large companies such asUSPCC create their own proprietary pasteboard. After the desired imagery is etched intoprinting plates, the art is printed onto each side of the pasteboard sheet, which is coated with a textured or smooth finish, sometimes called a varnish or paint coating. These coatings can be water- or solvent-based, and different textures and visual effects can be achieved by adding certain dyes or foils, or using multiple varnish processes.[93]
The pasteboard is then split into individual uncut sheets, which are cut into single cards and sorted into decks.[94] The corners are then rounded, after which the decks are packaged, commonly intuck boxes wrapped incellophane. The tuck box may have aseal applied.[95][96]
Card manufacturers must pay special attention to theregistration of the cards, as non-symmetrical cards can be used to cheat.[97][7]
Airlines have produced playing cards to give to passengers since the 1920s, with the practice reaching a zenith in the 1960s and 1970s.[98][99][100] However, the practice has become less common in recent decades.[101]
Delta Air Lines has created several series of decks, with several featuring art by Daniel C. Sweeney, John Hardy, and Jack Laycox.[102][103]
Gambling corporations commonly have playing cards made specifically for their casinos. As casinos consume many decks daily, they sometimes resell used cards that were "on the [casino] floor". The cards sold to the public are altered, either by cutting the deck's corners or by punching a hole in the deck,[7] to prevent them from being used for cheating in the casino.
Casinos may also sell decks separately as a souvenir item — one notable example isJerry's Nugget playing cards, released in 1970.
Among inmates, they may be called "snitch cards".[114] Prisoners with information may be motivated to come forward in order to receive a lightened sentence.[107]
Because of the long history and wide variety in designs, playing cards are also collector's items.[115][98] In 1911, theNew York Times describedMay King Van Rensselaer's playing card collection of over 900 decks as the largest in the world.[116] According toGuinness World Records, the largest playing card collection comprises 11,087 decks and is owned by Liu Fuchang of China.[117] Individual playing cards are also collected, such as the world record collection of 8,520 different jokers belonging to Tony de Santis of Italy.[118]
Custom decks may be produced for myriad purposes. Across the world, both individuals and large companies such asUnited States Playing Card Company (USPCC) design and release many different styles of decks,[119] including commemorative decks,[120] cards created for fundraising,[121] and souvenir decks.[12][122] Bold and colorful designs tend to be used forcardistry decks,[1][123][124] while more generally, playing cards (as well as tarot cards) may focus on artistic value.[120][125][126][127] Custom deck production is commonly funded on platforms such asKickstarter,[128][129][130] with companies offering card printing services to the public.
TheUnicode standard for character encoding defines 8 characters (symbols) for card suits in theMiscellaneous Symbols block, atU+2660–2667. The Unicode names for each group of four glyphs are 'black' and 'white' but might have been more accurately described as 'solid' and 'outline' since the colour actually used at display or printing time is an application choice.
Later,Unicode 7.0 added the 52 cards of the modern French pack, plus 4 knights, and a character for "Playing Card Back" and black, red and white jokers, in thePlaying Cards block (U+1F0A0–1F0FF).[140]
^Also called the International or Anglo-American pattern, but 'English pattern' is the name recommended by theInternational Playing-Card Society.
^"Zhugou" is literally "pig-dog", possibly rendered as such because of anaming taboo.
^The designation of "oldest surviving cards" is complicated by the forms of the historical objects: Some may be less "card-like" and more akin to scaps of parchment.[37]
^abHochman, Gene; Dawson, Tom; Dawson, Judy (2000).The Hochman Encyclopedia of American Playing Cards.Stamford, CT: U.S. Games Systems.ISBN1572812974.OCLC44732377.
^Sawyer, Miranda (June 2, 2019)."'The public has a right to art': the radical joy of Keith Haring".The Guardian. Retrieved29 July 2019.His art is everywhere. There are Haring T-shirts, Haring shoes, Haring chairs. You can buy Haring baseball hats and badges and baby-carriers and playing cards and stickers and keyrings.
^abcLo, A. (2009). "The game of leaves: An inquiry into the origin of Chinese playing cards".Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies.63 (3):389–406.doi:10.1017/S0041977X00008466.S2CID159872810.
^Needham 2004, p. 328 "it is also now rather well-established that dominoes and playing-cards were originally Chinese developments from dice."
^Needham 2004, p. 332 "Numbered dice, anciently widespread, were on a related line of development which gave rise to dominoes and playing-cards (+9th-century China)."
^abPeter F. Kopp: Die frühesten Spielkarten in der Schweiz. In: Zeitschrift für schweizerische Archäologie und Kunstgeschichte 30 (1973), pp. 130–145, here 130.
^Timothy B. Husband: The World in Play. Luxury Cards 1430–1540. Metropolitan Museum of Art 2016, S. 13.
^abHellmut Rosenfeld: Zu den frühesten Spielkarten in der Schweiz. Eine Entgegnung. In: Zeitschrift für schweizerische Archäologie und Kunstgeschichte 32 (1975), pp. 179–180.
^Wilhelm Ludwig Schreiber:Die ältesten Spielkarten und die auf das Kartenspiel Bezug habenden Urkunden des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts. Heitz, Straßburg 1937.
^J. Brunet i Bellet,Lo joch de naibs, naips o cartas, Barcelona, 1886, quote in the"Diccionari de rims de 1371 :darrerament/per ensajar/de bandejar/los seus guarips/joch de nayps/de nit jugàvem, see alsole site trionfi.com
^Banzhaf, Hajo (1994),Il Grande Libro dei Tarocchi (in Italian), Roma: Hermes Edizioni, pp. 16, 192,ISBN978-88-7938-047-8
^Olmert, Michael (1996).Milton's Teeth and Ovid's Umbrella: Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History, p.135. Simon & Schuster, New York.ISBN0-684-80164-7.
^Tregear, Michael (June 1999). "Book Reviews: British Patents, Design of and Games with Playing-Cards".The Playing-Card.27 (5). International Playling Card Society: 209.ISSN0305-2133.
^Cooper, Michael (August 2002). "The Wheelers: A Family of Card Makers and Card Forgers?".The Playing-Card.31 (1). International Playing Card Society: 22.ISSN0305-2133.
^Curcio, Tony (August 7, 2017)."Rollem installs new Slipstream Automatic Card-Cutting System at Napco". Graphic Arts. Archived fromthe original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved6 August 2019.Upon learning that this specialized slitting, collating, and round-cornering machine is used by the world's top playing card manufacturers, and after seeing demonstrations of full press sheets trimmed, cut, collated and round-cornered at speeds up to 2,000 sheets per hour with 100% accuracy, we knew we had found our solution.
^Lubow, Arthur (March 11, 2016)."Tom Sachs's Workshop: Willy Wonka Would Approve".The New York Times. Retrieved28 March 2023.The entrance passes through a quirky bodega (its hours are as erratic as everything else in Sachs World) that offers for sale such souvenirs as the phonySwiss passport, a deck of Sachs-designed playing cards and assortedzines that the studio puts out.
^Estiler, Keith (April 22, 2019)."A Look Inside the Tom Sachs x BEAMS Pop-Up Shop in Tokyo". Hypebeast. Retrieved28 March 2023.Accompanying the co-branded tees is select hardware from Tom Sachs studio such as foldable chairs, quarter screws, Japanese playing cards, note pads, multi-tonal pens, as well as theNoguchi Museum x Tom Sachs floor lamps.
Decker, Ronald; Depaulis, Thierry; Dummett, Michael (1996).A Wicked Pack of Cards: Origins of the Occult Tarot. Bristol Classical Press.ISBN978-0715627136.
Denning, Trevor (1996).The Playing Cards of Spain. London: Cygnus Arts.ISBN978-0838637470.
Depaulis, Thierry (Jan–Mar 2013). "Cards and Cards: Early References to Playing Cards in England".The Playing-Card. Vol. 41, no. 3.ISSN1752-671X.
Ferg, Alan, Virginia Wayland and Harold Wayland (2007). "Recognizing a Nineteenth-Century Apache Playing Card Artist: The Tonte Naipero" inThe Playing-Card, Vol. 36, No. 2, Oct-Dec 2007. 100–120.
Gorges, Florent (2015a).La historia de Nintendo Volumen I (in Spanish). Héroes de papel.ISBN978-84-942881-3-5.
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