| Plate fish | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Carangiformes |
| Suborder: | Pleuronectoidei |
| Family: | Bothidae |
| Genus: | Bothus |
| Species: | B. lunatus |
| Binomial name | |
| Bothus lunatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Theplate fish (Bothus lunatus) is aflounder in the genusBothus, found in the warmer parts of theAtlantic including theCaribbean. Its typical habitat is sandy plains nearcoral reefs and it is able to change its colouring to make it well-camouflaged in this environment. It is sometimes known as thepeacock flounder, a name also given to the closely relatedBothus mancus from theIndo-Pacific.[2]
Bothus lunatus has a laterally flattened body and orientates itself so that its right side is underneath and its left side is uppermost. Both eyes are on this upper surface and project on short thick stalks. The body shape is rounded and the dorsal and anal fins nearly surround the body. The former has 92 to 99 soft rays and the latter 71 to 76. The pectoral fins are long and often erect. An average adult length is about 35 cm (14 in), with a maximum length of 46 cm (18 in). The upper surface of this flounder is some shade between grey, brown and tan with small blue spots and circular blue markings, the head and fins also being spotted and speckled with blue. There are two or three rather diffuse dark patches on thelateral line. The fish can vary its background colour to make it closely resemble that of its surroundings and thus camouflage itself as it lies on the seabed.[3][4] Fish in this genus are able to change their colouring in two to eight seconds.[5]
Bothus lunatus is found in tropical and subtropical parts of the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Its range extends from Florida, the Bahamas and Bermuda to Brazil, but it is absent from theGulf of Mexico. It also occurs in theGulf of Guinea andAscension Island. It is usually found between 1 and 20 m (3.3 and 65.6 ft) deep but may occur as deep as 100 m (328 ft). Its typical habitat is sandy areas nearcoral reefs, inseagrass meadows or nearmangroves. It is also sometimes found over rubble or hardsubstrates and is one of the most common flounders near coral reefs.[4]
Bothus lunatus is well-camouflaged as it lies on the sandy seabed, often partially submerged in the sediment. It is more visible when it swims, which it does in a series of short glides, remaining close to the rippled sand contours of the ocean floor. In the Caribbean, a small octopus,Macrotritopus defilippi,mimics these bursts of swimming activity, a behaviour which might afford it protection frompredators large enough to take a bite out of a soft-bodied octopus but too small to tackle a rigid flounder.[5]
In the West Indies,Bothus lunatus largely feeds on fishes, which make up 85.7% of its diet by volume, and particularly on herrings in the genusJenkinsia and thebigeye scad (Selar crumenophthalmus). Another 11.4% of its diet consists ofmantis shrimps and 2.9% ofoctopuses.Bothus lunatus is believed to be anambush predator, lying concealed on the seabed before darting out to catch any unwary prey that moves too close.[6]
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